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- 2B. S. aureus hemolysin B attacks the RBC cell membrane by hydrolyzing the sphingomyelin headgroup: ОН HN .R hemolysin B cuts this bond i) Draw a plausible mechanism of hydrolysis for this lipid headgroup. Let B- and BH be general base and general acid. 00-P-O LOR2 OR, ii) Why is this damaging to the overall membrane architecture of the RBC?5. In order to be absorbed by the body, many pharmaceutical agents like acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin; shown below) must be able to diffuse across cell membranes in the digestive tract. Acetylsalicylic acid has a pK of 3.5. The pH of secretions in the stomach lumen is ~2.5, whereas the pH of secretions in the duodenum lumen is -8. If acetylsalicylic acid was equally soluble in the secretions of these two regions of the digestive tract, would you expect acetylsalicylic acid to be passively absorbed more readily by individual stomach cells or by individual duodenal cells? Explain your choice. HOThe figure shows interaction of various amino acids (Phe, Arg, and Asn) present in Hb with 2,3-DPG. The side chains of these amino acids and 2,3-DPG interactions are circled in red. HO Но Phe HN Asn H2N NH Arg You identify a mutant version of the globin chain where the Arg in circle 2 is replaced with aspartic acid in a patient. Would the Hb protein in this patient be able to transport oxygen even in the presence of 2,3-DPG? ASPARTIC ACID (asp) No, because the mutant Hb version will bind 2,3 DPG, and not oxygen Yes, because the mutant Hb version will bind 2,3 DPG, and not oxygen Yes, because the mutant Hb version will bind oxygen and not 2,3 DPG
- 1. A macrolide containing a 15-membered lactone ring Erythromycin Telithromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin 2. ALL are true about the activity of Macrolides EXCEPT: It is effective against syphilis infections it resembles that of penicillin it is very effective against G(-) bacteria it is effective against erysipelas infections 3. These are ALL causes of bacterial resistance against macrolides EXCEPT: active efflux bacterial endospores release of esterases modification of binding site 4. These are ALL adverse effects of Erythromycin EXCEPT: CYP450 inhibition Hepatotoxicity Neutropenia Acute cholestatic hepatitis 5. These are drugs that have prolonged half-life when taken with erythromycin EXCEPT: Rifampicin Lipitor Lanoxin Lasix1.One of the main sources of sphingosine in the body is in the cell membrane. What complication could arise from the biological synthesis of ceramide?1. Draw the structure of a cholesterol ester where cholesterol is esterified with palmitic acid. is this polar or nonpolar acid 2. Draw the strucutre of lecithin containing stearic acid on carbon 1 and arachidonic acid on carbon 2 of glycerol. is this polar or nonpolar acid 3.Disccuss the medical sginificance of cholesterol , cholesterol ester,l ecithin and choline . 4. Give examples of phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids of biological importance .
- VI. Although most biologically relevant sugars have the D-configuration, L-fucose is a commonly observed monosaccharide component in glycoproteins. Glycosylated antibodies (IgGs) observed in patients with active TB have more fucose than those found in patients with latent TB (Lu et. al., 2016). Latent TB occurs when a person has the TB bacteria, but bacterial proliferation is kept under control by the body's immune system; hence, the infected person is asymptomatic and not infectious. A person with latent TB will test positive for the tuberculin test or TB blood test. a) L-fucose is also known as 6-deoxy-L-galactose. Note that D-galactose is a C-4 epimer of D-glucose. Draw the Fisher projections for D-glucose, D-galactose and L-fucose. (Hints: D- and L-isomers are enantiomers. 6-deoxy means that the hydroxyl group at C-6 is removed leaving just the methyl group). D-galactose: D-glucose: L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose): b) L-fucose can cyclize into a pyranose and form two anomers. Draw…15. Which of the following glycans can be released from proteins using ?β-elimination? a. Complex N-linked glycans b. Glycosaminoglycans c. Mucin type O-glycans d Hyaluronic acid 16. Which of the following glycans are made by the addition of sugars to the reducing end of a growing glycan chain? a. Hyaluronan b. Heparan sulfate c. Mucin type O-glycans d. Gangliosides e. Cellulose9. A daily diet of a 55-ycar-old woman, consisted of a 500 g of carbohydrates, 100 g of animal fats and 150 g of proteins, at the background of low physical activity. What possible consequences for the lipid metabolism such lifestyle could trigger? For the answer: a) compare the daily food consumption of the patient with the norm for this age and level of physical activity; b) draw the scheme of TAG synthesis in the liver and continue with their following transport to the tissues; c) draw the scheme of metabolic pathways which are more active in adipocytes of this patient compared with an individual of the same age consuming balanced dict; d) name the biologically active molecules released by adipocytes of this patient.
- Consider the positively charged amino acid lysine Lys2+ 21 COOH I H&N-C-H I pH 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ T NH₂+ 0 Nelson p85 2.18 = 2.18 PK₁ Lys+ COO™ I H₂N-C-H H₂N-C-H ī I -----) 8.95 Lysº 8.95 pK₂ pka carboxyl = 2.19 pkaamino = 9.67 pka sidechain = 4.25 COO™ I CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ I NH₂¹ 1.0 2.0 Equivalents of OH added- COO™ I H₂N-C-H I 10.79 1 10.79 pk Isoelectric point Lys CH₂2 I CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ T NH₂ 3.0 +H3N NH3+ T CH₂ T CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ -COO™ H Lysine (Lys, K) Physiological pH = 7.4 < pl → Amino acid is positively charged at physiological pH 1. Consider glutamate in its fully protonated form (e.g. in a pH = 1 solution) 1) Draw all the forms of glutamate at various pH 2) Calculate the pl of this amino acid 3) Sketch a titration curve showing pH as a function of added [OH-] and locate the predominant forms of histidine in the curve STEPS: 1. Find the H atoms that can be removed on the molecule 2. Associated a pka value to each removable H. 3. Draw the Aa structure at:…Classify the symmetrical arrangement ofthe subunits (e.g., C2 , C3 , D 2 , helical, icosahedral). 1. Proteobacterial nitrite sensor (3PNS):2. Pseudomonad oligosaccharide receptor (7POR):3. Adenoviral structural protein (8ASP)3. Is there evidence for an albumin conformation change caused by levofloxacin binding? If there is evidence for a conformation change, are the tyrosines changing their environment (becoming more exposed to solvent or more buried into the protein interior)? Answer the same question for the tryptophans. Briefly explain being as specific as possible.