Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 41, Problem 3VCQ
Figure 41.8 Loop diuretics are drugs sometimes used to treat hypertension. These drugs inhibit the
reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A side effect is that they increase urination. Why do you think this is the case?
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In the kidney, vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole increases glomerular filtration rate, because hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increases (much like putting your thumb over the end of a garden hose increases the pressure and causes the water to exit the hose with greater velocity and travel a greater distance).
Acetazolamide is a diuretic that blocks the activity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This blockage prevents theformation of carbonic acid from CO2 and water. Normally, carbonicacid dissociates to form H+ and HCO3−, and the H+ is exchanged forNa+ from the urine. Blocking the formation of H+ in the tubule cellsblocks Na+ reabsorption, thus inhibiting water reabsorption andproducing the diuretic effect. With this information in mind, what effectdoes acetazolamide have on blood pH, urine pH, and respiratory rate?
Drugs that increase urine flow (diuretic drugs) are often employed in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) or other disease states. Three physiological categories of such drugs are ones that (i) function as loop diuretics, (ii) inhibit the action of aldosterone, and (iii) block Na+ channels in the collecting ducts. Explain why each of these categories would be expected to increase Na+ excretion and urine flow.
Chapter 41 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 41 - Figure 41.5 Which of the following statements...Ch. 41 - Figure 41.6 Which of the following statements...Ch. 41 - Figure 41.8 Loop diuretics are drugs sometimes...Ch. 41 - When a dehydrated human patient needs to be given...Ch. 41 - The sodium ion is at the highest concentration in:...Ch. 41 - Cells in a hypertonic solution tend to: shrink due...Ch. 41 - The macula densa is/are: present in the renal...Ch. 41 - The osmolarity of body fluids is maintained at...Ch. 41 - The gland located at the top of the kidney is the...Ch. 41 - Active transport of K+ in Malpighian tubules...
Ch. 41 - Contractile vacuoles in microorganisms:...Ch. 41 - Flame cells are primitive excretory organs found...Ch. 41 - BUN is. blood urea nitrogen blood uric acid...Ch. 41 - Human beings accumulate ____before____ excreting...Ch. 41 - Renin is made by. granular cells of the...Ch. 41 - Patients with Addison's disease retain water...Ch. 41 - Which hormone elicits the 'fight or flight”...Ch. 41 - Why is excretion important in order to achieve...Ch. 41 - Why do electrolyte ions move across membranes by...Ch. 41 - Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important...Ch. 41 - Describe the structure of the kidney.Ch. 41 - Why might specialized organs have evolved for...Ch. 41 - Explain two different excretory systems other than...Ch. 41 - In terms of evolution, why might the urea cycle...Ch. 41 - Compare and contrast the formation of urea and...Ch. 41 - Describe how hormones regulate blood pressure,...Ch. 41 - How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone...
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- Which of the following does not contribute to the high salt concentration in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla? (a) active transport of sodium from the upper part of the ascending limb (b) diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (c) reabsorption of salt from various regions of Bowmans capsule (d) counterflow of fluid through the two limbs of the loop of Henle (e) diffusion of urea out of the collecting ductarrow_forwardFatty tissue holds the kidneys in place. Extremely rapid weight loss may cause this tissue to shrink so that the kidneys slip from their normal position. On rare occasions, the slippage can put a kink in one or both ureters and block urine flow. Suggest what might then happen to the kidneys.arrow_forwardAs the text noted, two-thirds of the water and solutes that the body reclaims by reabsorption in nephrons occurs in the proximal tubule. Proximal tubule cells have large numbers of mitochondria and demand a great deal of oxygen. Explain why.arrow_forward
- Which of the following does not contribute to the process of filtration? (a) active transport by epithelial cells lining renal tubules (b) large surface area for filtration (c) low permeability of glomerular capillaries (d) high hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries (e) podocytesarrow_forwardDiuretics cause sodium excretion. Sodium follows water. Therefore, diuretics lead to a reduction in volume (remember BP = heart rate x volume x blood vessel tone (SVR)). Since diuretics lower volume, they lower BP. When would diuretics be indicated? When would they be contraindicated?arrow_forwardA kidney stone blocking a ureter would interfere with urine flow to which organ? Why would the pain occur in waves?arrow_forward
- Please explain this in the most simple way. Explain the kidney's role in water conservation. How much water is reabsorbed (by following other reabsorbed substances) by osmosis? How much water does the nephron loop and collecting duct have to be "tricked" into reabsorbing? How exactly does that work? How do hormones control this process? What effect does alcohol have?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is TRUE about glucose reabsorption in the kidney? a.If an individual does not have diabetes mellitus, 100% of filtered glucose is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule. b.If an individual has diabetes mellitus, filtered glucose will be present in all the renal tubule. c.Glucose reabsorption along the proximal convoluted tubule uses the sodium glucose secondary active transporter and it is independent of insulin. d.All of the above e.None of the above asaparrow_forwardThe renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations. For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion Explain how you determined this.arrow_forward
- From what you have learned at this point about the nephron, it should now be obvious that the glomerular filtrate is not the same as the urine that is eventually formed. It is also important to note that many processes that glomerular filtrate goes through will vary depending on the state of the body and its need to maintain, among others, fluid or electrolyte balance. Make a concept map of the diluting and concentrating mechanisms of the kidneyarrow_forwardA person ate a bag of salty potato chips but did not drink any fluids. What is the effect of this on his urine concentration and the rate of urine production. Explain the mechanisms involved.arrow_forwardUnder circumstances of having low blood pressure , how does the sympathetic nervous system decrease glomerular filtration rate ? stimulates constriction of the efferent arteriole only stimulates relaxation of the mesangial cells stimulates secretion of erythropoietin stimulates constriction of both the afferent and efferent arteriolesarrow_forward
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