Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 41, Problem 20CTQ
Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important for the formation of concentrated urine?
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Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important for the formation of concentrated urine?
One type of diuretic given to people with high blood pressure, renal disease and congestive heart failure are thiazide-type diuretics. These drugs inhibit sodium ion reabsorption by inhibiting the transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
A) What does it mean to inhibit the transport of sodium ions in the loop of Henle?
B) Explain how this inhibition of sodium ions in the loop of Henle could help increase urine production.
The Na+-glucose transporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 are located at different levels of the kidney proximal tubule to minimize spillover of the glucose into the urine (See diagram attached)
a) Consider the Na+-glucose coupling ratios for SGLT2 and SGLT1. Why would localization of SGLT2 in the early proximal tubule and SGLT1 in the late proximal tubule be advantageous?
b) The Michaelis constant (Km) for the SGLT2 and SGLT1 transporters are 2 mM and 0.5 mM, respectively. Is SGLT2 or SGLT1 the higher affinity Na+-glucose transporter?
d) Dapagliflozin is an SGLT1 inhibitor and commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes. Why would this be of benefit to a diabetes patient?
Chapter 41 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 41 - Figure 41.5 Which of the following statements...Ch. 41 - Figure 41.6 Which of the following statements...Ch. 41 - Figure 41.8 Loop diuretics are drugs sometimes...Ch. 41 - When a dehydrated human patient needs to be given...Ch. 41 - The sodium ion is at the highest concentration in:...Ch. 41 - Cells in a hypertonic solution tend to: shrink due...Ch. 41 - The macula densa is/are: present in the renal...Ch. 41 - The osmolarity of body fluids is maintained at...Ch. 41 - The gland located at the top of the kidney is the...Ch. 41 - Active transport of K+ in Malpighian tubules...
Ch. 41 - Contractile vacuoles in microorganisms:...Ch. 41 - Flame cells are primitive excretory organs found...Ch. 41 - BUN is. blood urea nitrogen blood uric acid...Ch. 41 - Human beings accumulate ____before____ excreting...Ch. 41 - Renin is made by. granular cells of the...Ch. 41 - Patients with Addison's disease retain water...Ch. 41 - Which hormone elicits the 'fight or flight”...Ch. 41 - Why is excretion important in order to achieve...Ch. 41 - Why do electrolyte ions move across membranes by...Ch. 41 - Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important...Ch. 41 - Describe the structure of the kidney.Ch. 41 - Why might specialized organs have evolved for...Ch. 41 - Explain two different excretory systems other than...Ch. 41 - In terms of evolution, why might the urea cycle...Ch. 41 - Compare and contrast the formation of urea and...Ch. 41 - Describe how hormones regulate blood pressure,...Ch. 41 - How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone...
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- Which of the following statements is true regarding Renal Function and the filtration of molecules? (this is not the same question as '48') 49. A. Large molecules like Glucose are not filtered into the renal tubules because Glucose is too big. B. Glucose molecules are ultimately secreted into the renal tubules; thát is why Glucose is found in the urine of a normal healthy person. C. Glucose molecules are filtered into the renal tubules but are rapidly reabsorbed; that is why very little glucose is found in the urine of a healthy person. D. Plasma Electrolytes are simply too big to be filtered into the renal tubules; that is why only a small concentration of extracellular electrolytes are is found in the urine of a healthy person.arrow_forwardWhat are the unique features of Henle loops that contribute to countercurrent multiplication during urine production? Provide an explanation of how countercurrent multiplication is facilitated in nephrons, including all the factors that contribute to it.arrow_forwardAfrican lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant poolsof fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is theadvantage of this adaptation?(A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia.(B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to diluteammonia, which is toxic.(C) Urea forms an insoluble precipitate.(D) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pooarrow_forward
- 1.1 explain how a tumour that secretes a large amount of renin will affect the blood pressure of a young student with a kidney tumour? p.s( hormonal regulation of blood pressure is important to answer the question).arrow_forwardAtrial Natriuretic Peptide helps to reduce overall blood pressure in a variety of ways. One way is by increasing Glomerular Filtration Rate. a. Why/how would increasing GFR cause decreased blood pressure? b. To increase GFR, would Atrial Natriuretic Peptide cause constriction or dilation of afferent arterioles at the kidneys? The efferent arterioles?arrow_forward6) Patrick's urine sample reveals a high concentration of glucose. Is glucose normally present in urine? Suggest two possible mechanisms to explain why the kidney would excrete excess glucose, and what abnormality may underlie those conditions.arrow_forward
- Given: A patient’s GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is 125 ml/min, and his urine is produced at a rate of 1.25 ml/min. (A) By what factor is the inulin concentrate in his urine. (B) The concentration of glucose in his plasma is 5 mmol/l. His renal reabsorption of glucose is completely inhibited. What would be the concentration of glucose in his urine? (answer parts a and b)arrow_forwardExplain briefly what does excess amount of creatinine in urine indicate?arrow_forward(a) Identify the two reactions that allow the kidney to produce NH4+. (b) Which gluconeogenic precursor is thereby generated? Describe thepathway by which it can be converted to glucose.arrow_forward
- Give an example of renal handling of inulin?arrow_forwardWhat are the two intrinsic mechanisms that provide auto regulation of glomerular filtrate? Explain any one of these.arrow_forwardEpithelial cells that reabsorb solutes are cuboidal, but epithelial cells involved in filtration are thin, squamous cells. The cuboidal cells contain more cytoplasm and organelles, especially mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), than the squamous cells. Why do the cuboidal cells of the kidney tubules need more mitochondria and RER?arrow_forward
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