Q: What is Renal Sodium Regulation?
A: Answer: Introduction: Sodium quantities in humans are partially maintained by a hormone known as…
Q: What effect does an overproduction of the hormone aldosterone have on the concentration of sodium…
A: Aldosterone is made by the adrenal gland which regulates the blood pressure by increasing the salt…
Q: How would uncontrolled diabetes mellitus affect urinary SG?
A: Answer: DIABETES MELLITUS = It is the chronic disease in which pancrease secreting insulin does not…
Q: What are the sources of creatinine excreted in the urine?
A: Muscle contraction requires the use of energy and it is obtained from different sources. The waste…
Q: What is the major chemical difference between blood plasma and glomerular filtrate?
A: The glomerular filtrate and blood plasma are the fluids found in the body.
Q: How does ADH regulate facultative water reabsorption?
A: The resorption of water within the earlier elements of the nephron (regardless of an individual's…
Q: What are the diseases associated with the presence of bile acids and ketone bodies in urine?
A: Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. They…
Q: How does aldosterone affect the volume of urine excreted?
A: Introduction: Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex (zona…
Q: What is the normal composition of urine?
A: Step 1 Urine is transparent, pale yellow (due to urochrome, a breakdown product of hemoglobin) but…
Q: Explain anti-diuretic hormone.
A: A chemical substance that is secreted in an organ and carried by the blood to various tissues of the…
Q: Is glucose always present in the urine of normal individuals? Explain your answer.
A: Urine contains water, nitrogenous waste such as urea, ammonia and inorganic salts. It is pale yellow…
Q: What is the Concept of Renal Clearance?
A: Renal clearance is estimated using ratio of glomerular filtration rate.
Q: How is uric acid formed? What is the significance of abnormally high concentration of uric acid in…
A: Uric acid is a primary nitrogeneous waste in case of birds, reptiles. It is comparably less toxic…
Q: What role does urea have in tubular reabsorption?
A: Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from filtrate into the blood. Substances are…
Q: foods or substances that can change the volume of a normal urine?
A: Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in many animals and in humans. The path of urine flow is…
Q: what is the role of ADH in water reabsorption?
A: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), commonly known as vasopressin, is a small peptide hormone which…
Q: Why do individuals with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secrete…
A: SIADH - syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone it is caused due to following.
Q: How would the characteristics of the urine differin untreated diabetes mellitus and…
A: Food contains complex molecules that have to be broken down into simpler forms. The process of…
Q: What factors may explain the difference in serum and urine creatinine levels?
A: Creatinine is a non-protein nitrogenous compound that is toxic and is produced by the breakdown of…
Q: What are the three basic renal processes that lead to the formation of urine?
A: Kidneys are prime excretory organs. They filter blood and form about 1.5 lt of urine daily this…
Q: What controls the secretion of aldosterone under these circumstances?
A: Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is discharged from the external layer of the adrenal cortex…
Q: Explain why glucose test that is normally reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule may appear in…
A: Glucose is used by the body to generate energy in form of ATP in aerobic respiration by a process…
Q: What is removal of uric acid called?
A: Protein metabolism in the body often results in the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes. These…
Q: How does hyperaldosteronism (excessive aldosterone secretion) cause edema?
A: Hormones are your body's synthetic couriers. They head out in your circulatory system to tissues or…
Q: Which transporters below are most likely facilitators of the renal elimination of furosemide?
A: The below given figure is of Furosemide which is a potent loop diuretics and is eliminated by renal…
Q: Why is high blood pressure damaging to the kidneys?
A: High blood pressure also known as hypertension referes to the pressure of blood against the artery…
Q: Why did the addition of ADH also affect the concentration of potassium in the urine (compared with…
A: Aldosterone is a steroid drug. It regulates the balance of minerals in the body. It is produced by…
Q: Is it accurate to describe the mucosa of the ureter as star shaped?
A: The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. There are two…
Q: Explain Renal Water Regulation?
A: Introduction: Sodium quantities in humans are partially maintained by a hormone known as…
Q: What three hormones/factors do the kidneys secrete into the blood?
A: Calcitriol is an active form of vitamin D, which is released by kidneys that helps to absorb the…
Q: how does aldosterone affect water and sodium reabsorption and secretion of potassium in the…
A: Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is produced in the cortex region of the adrenal gland. Its…
Q: When ADH levels increase, how are urine volume, bloodosmolarity, and blood volume affected?
A: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also referred to as vasopressin. This hormone is synthesized…
Q: What is the relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate?
A: The fundamental structural and operational unit of the kidney is the nephron. They are tiny…
Q: What is the cause of sugar elevatedin urine?
A: The presence of sugar, especially glucose, in urine is known as glycosuria. Under normal…
Q: How does intrarenal acute renal failure differ from postrenal failure?
A: Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as a rapid decline in renal function that results in the…
Q: The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a disorder of impaired…
A: Primary polydipsia maybe because of harm to the thirst-regulating mechanism within the hypothalamus.…
Q: How is the presence of renal compensation verified?
A: Renal compensation The process through which kidney regulates plasma pH is called renal compensation…
Q: High serum uric acid levels are linked to _____________,_____________, _____________, _____________,…
A: The breakdown of purines forms the uric acid which is removed by the kidneys as a waste byproduct.…
Q: What is the relationship between plasma glucose concentration and reabsorption rate of glucose?
A: The filtered glucose amount increases with the increase in plasma glucose concentration. In healthy…
Q: Why is there an increased risk of drug toxicity in the laterstages of renal failure?
A: Renal failure There are many etiological factors responsible for renal failure such as, systemic…
Q: What is the significance of normal constituents of urine, indican and creatinine, when present…
A: Urine is formed by kidneys and it is an excretory product. The analysis of urine composition gives…
Q: Why is albumin not normally present in the urine?
A: Answer:-Albumin is a protein found in the blood. A healthy kidney doesn't let albumin pass from the…
Q: Can Potassium abnormalities also lead to acid-base disturbances through the renal system? Explain…
A: There are important interactions between potassium and acid-base balance that involve both…
Q: Is an increase in albumin excretion observed only in pathological urine? Why or why not?
A: Introduction : Serum albumin is a type of protein that may be found in blood plasma. It plays an…
Q: . Why is urine becoming alkali?
A: Urine is the liquid waste produced by the kidneys. Urine is a clear, transparent fluid that normally…
Q: how is glucose reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
A: The kidneys filter unwanted substances from the blood and produce urine to excrete them. There are…
Q: What will happen to urine production if ADH is higher or lower than normal?
A: Antidiuretic hormone is also called vasopressin.It is a hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus but…
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- Given: For urea, the rate of excretion equals to the GFR times the urea concentration in plasma. (A) If the urea concentration in plasma is 4.5 mmol/l, what GFR (in l/day) would correspond to an excretion rate of 450 mmol/day. (B) If the urea clearance is 70 ml/min and the GFR is 125 ml/min, what fraction of urea is being reabsorbed. (answer A and B)After about 6 weeks of fasting, the production of urea isdecreased. Explain.The concentration of urea in urine is always much higher than the concentration in plasma. Does this mean that urea is secreted? Hint: remember that concentration is a ratio.
- What is the cause of proteinuria?Mr. White has chronic hypertension which has developed into end-stage renal disease. His symptoms progress from polyuria to oligouria and eventually anuria. Explain the physiological bases of these clinical features. What are the associated complications?What can a lack of sodium cause?