Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 5, Problem 2Q
We noted on the first page of the chapter that humans vary considerably in height. State a hypothesis about whether this reflects
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For the trichome selection experiment, the null hypothesis is that there will be no difference between the mean number of trichomes in the second generation compared to the parent generation. The following bar graph shows the data from the experiment, including error bars showing ± 2 standard deviations (a measure of variation for a group of data as a whole).
Based on the data provided, do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Select the answer that most strongly supports your choice and correctly justifies the response.
Based on the data provided, do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Select the answer that most strongly supports your choice and correctly justifies the response.
A. Reject the null hypothesis, as variation, shown by the error bars, is greater after selection.
B. Reject the null hypothesis, as there is no overlap between the means as shown by the error bars.
C. Reject the null hypothesis, as the error bars for the two groups show…
PINE TREE NEEDLES
Variation among members of a population can lead to natural selection, but only if two conditions are met: First, the trait must be relevant to an individual's survival and/or reproductive rate. Second, variation in this trait must be heritable, that is, at least partly controlled by genes. a. How might you design an experiment to determine the importance of needle length in determining survival and reproduction? b. How might you test the extent to which needle length is heritable?
The basis for rejecting any null hypothesis is arbitrary. The researcher can set more or less stringent standards by deciding to raise or lower the p value used to reject or not reject the hypothesis. In the case of the chi-square analysis of genetic crosses, would the use of a standard of p = 0.10 be more or less stringent about not rejecting the null hypothesis? Explain.
Chapter 5 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 5 - What is the difference between genetic variation,...Ch. 5 - We noted on the first page of the chapter that...Ch. 5 - Because you are studying different subjects, the...Ch. 5 - What are reaction norms, and why do they matter?...Ch. 5 - Consider the nucleotide sequence TGACTAACGGCT....Ch. 5 - Consider a population containing the following...Ch. 5 - How many redheads live in a village of 250 people,...Ch. 5 - Diagram two processes through which genes can be...Ch. 5 - If a gene gets retroduplicated, how can you...Ch. 5 - How do chromosome inversions happen? What...
Ch. 5 - Diagram the sequence of events that leads to the...Ch. 5 - Discuss factors that might cause mutation rates to...Ch. 5 - Which kind of mutation is most common: lethal,...Ch. 5 - Compare and contrast the evolutionary roles of...Ch. 5 - Suppose a silent mutation occurs in an exon that...Ch. 5 - The amino acid sequences encoded by the red and...Ch. 5 - Chromosome number can evolve by smaller-scale...
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- Please refer to the Chi squared step by step document for an example to follow. 4a. A large random sample taken from a natural population of flowering plants found 300 plants with red flowers (RR genotype), 150 with pink flowers (Rr genotype) and 38 white flowers (rr genotype). Is the population in HWE? Step 1 Calculate the frequencies of alleles R and r. Include the formula for calculating allele frequencies in a population. Ans: Step 2 Based on the allele frequencies how many individuals are expected to a certain genotype? Calculate by multiplying the number of individuals in population (n) x frequencies of alleles for that genotype: Ans: T Step 3 Fill in the Table Below Genotype Ans: RR Rr rr Observed Expected Obs - Exp Step 3 Use the following formula to calculate the Chi squared value., Note calculate for each genotype and get the sum. (Obs - Exp)² Exp ³x²³ = [ (O - E)² E Step 4 Determine the Chi Square value for 1 Degree of Freedom and for the probability 0.05 from the table…arrow_forwardSome people consider stress and crowding studies of laboratory animals highly applicable in understanding human behavior. Other people question the cross-species transferability of these results. What considerations would be important in interpreting these experiments?arrow_forwardA study at a Southern university reported that the average final exam grade of students who chose to enroll in an online version of a class was equal to that of students who took the class on-campus from the same professor. Fill in the following table. Is there a control treatment (and, if so, what is it)? Is there any accounting for individual variation? Is there repetition in the experiment? What, if any, confounding variables are not addressed in the experiment? Can we say with some confidence that on-line learning is as effective as traditional in-class learning?arrow_forward
- Figure is attached Please consider sexual selection operating on red-collared widowbirds assess the lowercase-Roman-numeral-labelled statements that appear immediately below; and click the uppercase-letter-labelled response that is presented below and conveys the most accurate information. i. The specimen depicted at the top in the figure represents the group in which individuals were manipulated experimentally, trimmed so that tail lengths were shortened substantially.ii. The specimen depicted at the bottom in the figure represents the group in which individuals were unmanipulated, left untrimmed.iii. Individuals in the group represented by the specimen at the bottom fared better in condition (measured as body mass relative to length) terms than did individuals in the group represented by the specimen at the top. iv. Individuals in the group represented by the specimen at the bottom spent more time flying and displaying to potential mates than did individuals in the group represented…arrow_forwardYou are studying two genetic loci that are on the same chromosome. One of the loci is a gene that produces darker feathers in dark environments in birds. The second locus is a gene associated with metabolism. In your research you find that the second locus is not under selection, but the first locus is undergoing positive selection. The positive selection at the first locus is increasing a specific allele at the second locus. This discovery of yours is best described as which of the following? a. Recombinaton b. Linkage equilibrium c. Genetic hitchhiking d. Chromosome inversionarrow_forward(Practice Hint: Click or tap your finger on the text in the box to make your selection.) A student is researching why domestic cats often have white patches of fur. The student reads the paragraph shown and makes the following conclusion: "Domestic cats with white fur evolved from wildcats through artificial selection." Select the sentence in the paragraph that best supports the student's conclusion. During embryonic development, certain stem cells determine whether a kitten will be born with solid-color fur or with white patches of fur. Wildcats are the genetic ancestors of the domestic cat and have fur color that blends into their environment. Wildcats that eliminated pests and were less afraid of humans were useful for protecting harvested grains. These cats were cared for by humans and were selected to reproduce. O During embryonic development, certain stem cells determine whether a kitten will be born with solid-color fur or with white patches of fur. Wildcats are genetic…arrow_forward
- Imagine that genetic technology advances to the point where the genetic profile of an individual can be easily obtained, and that we have a full understanding of how genes interact to influence our health. Based on this genetic information alone, how reliably do you think we would be able to predict a person's chance of getting a specific disease? Where do you think this type of genetic profiling would lead with respect to selection of offspring or genetic superiority?arrow_forwardTable 3. Common Single Gene Characteristics in Humans For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 Characteristic Tongue rolling (T). Not able to roll = t Free earlobes (E) attached earlobes = e Dimples (D). No dimples = d Widow's peak (W) straight hairline = w Freckles (F). No freckles = f Interlocking fingers (I). When you clasp your hands together, having the left thumb on top = 1 Phenotype Genotypearrow_forwardAlbinism is a rare genetic condition, occurring in only one in every 17,000 to 22,000individuals in the world (Campbell et al. 2003; Gronskov et al. 2007). Conduct a library oronline research and answer these questions: A. What can you conclude about the allelic frequency of the a allele globally? B. Where do you think the a allele would be more commonly found, among theheterozygotes (Aa) or the homozygote recessives (aa)? Why do you say so? C. What happens to an individual who is albino (aa) or who has very low or lacksmelanin pigments in the hair, skin and eyes? D. Based on your answer in c, how would you explain the frequency of the a allele?arrow_forward
- Albinism is a rare genetic condition, occurring in only one in every 17,000 to 22,000individuals in the world (Campbell et al. 2003; Gronskov et al. 2007). Conduct a library oronline research and answer these questions:a. What can you conclude about the allelic frequency of the a allele globally?b. Where do you think the a allele would be more commonly found, among theheterozygotes (Aa) or the homozygote recessives (aa)? Why do you say so?c. What happens to an individual who is albino (aa) or who has very low or lacksmelanin pigments in the hair, skin and eyes?d. Based on your answer in c, how would you explain the frequency of the a allele?arrow_forwardImagine you are studying tail length in giant lobsters. You discover that one genetic locus influences tail length. The alleles at the locus are T and t. A lobster with a tt genotype has a tail length of 2 feet. A lobster with a genotype of Tt has a tail length of 3 feet. And a lobster with a TT genotype has a tail length of 4 feet. Based on this information the genetic variation at this locus is best described as what? a. Additive genetic variation b. Dominant genetic variation c. Environmental genetic variation d. Fixed genetic variationarrow_forwardFitness is, most correctly, a technical term. What does it mean? What two things do you suppose govern the rate of evolution by natural selection? Explain how Darwinian evolution can decrease and increase the frequency of an allele (or a more complex heritable trait, for that matter). Write it in an essay formarrow_forward
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