To determine: Whether the statement of the Pope is correct or not.
Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a life-threatening disorder that is caused by a retrovirus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is a life-threatening syndrome because the virus interferes with the body’s ability to fight against diseases by destroying T cells of the immune system.
Explanation of Solution
The statement of the Pope is “cannot be overcome by distribution of condoms. On the contrary, they increase it”. This statement of Pope is not correct because he had stated that use of condoms cannot prevent the spread of AIDS.
To determine: Whether the second statement is correct or not.
Explanation of Solution
AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease that chiefly spreads through direct contact with body fluids like semen, blood, and vaginal fluids. The second statement of Pope states that usage of condoms increases the risk of AIDS. By contrast, usage of condoms plays an essential role in preventing the mode of transmission of AIDS. Therefore, the second statement of Pope is a controversial and weak statement.
To determine: The way by which we know about the statements.
Explanation of Solution
Since AIDS is transmitted mostly during sexual intercourse, condoms play an essential role in preventing the contact of body fluids (either from vagina or penis) from the infected person to healthy person. Therefore, usage of condoms proves to be a best method to prevent the incidence of AIDS during intercourse. There are also several positive feedback and results from the experiments that included the usage of condom to reduce the spread of AIDS sexually.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 1 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
- In 2007, then–Texas governor Rick Perry became the first governor in the United States to mandate by executive order the vaccination of all Texas girls aged 11–12 for HPV, arguing that the vaccine prevented cancer. Some conservatives criticized Perry, arguing that the vaccine would encourage sexual promiscuity among children and young adults. The Texas legislature overturned the executive order, and Perry later reversed himself, saying the order was a mistake. Do you think states should require boys and girls to be vaccinated for HPV? Discuss reasons for and against such a requirement.arrow_forwardHIV continues to be a major public health issue in our country. In response, different sectors are involved in information dissemination and prevention strategies to curb this fast-growing HIV epidemic. For you to have a better understanding on the impact of HIV, try searching for the latest statistics of HIV cases in the Philippines. What data were you able to search for? How many HIV cases does the Philippines have?arrow_forwardA malaria vaccine has proved to be 77% effective in early trials and could be a major breakthrough against the disease, says the University of Oxford team behind it. Malaria kills more than 400,000 people a year, mostly children in sub-Saharan Africa. But despite many vaccines being trialled over the years, this is the first to meet the required target. The researchers say this vaccine could have a major public health impact. When trialled in 450 children in Burkina Faso, the vaccine was found to be safe, and showed "high-level efficacy" over 12 months of follow-up. Larger trials in nearly 5,000 children between the ages of five months and three years will now be carried out across four African countries to confirm the findings. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Although preventable and curable, the World Health Organization estimates there were 229 million cases worldwide in 2019 and 409,000 deaths.…arrow_forward
- Did the researchers in the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment study successfully get informed consent from the prisoners, soldiers and mental patients that were part of the experiment? Do you side with the patients or the researchers? Why?arrow_forward1. In the early part of this century, tropical medicine expert Dr. Richard P. Strong obtained permission from the Governor-General of the Philippines to inoculate a number of criminals with plague bacillus. The Filipino prisoners were not asked for their consent, but they were rewarded by being provided with cigars and cigarettes (Pahl:284). Discuss the ethics of this experiment. 2. Discuss the moral issue of informed consent. Why is it so important in medical research and experimentations? What are some of the circumstances that make it difficult to obtain? 3. Why is there a need for human experimentation?arrow_forwardExplain how the question “how do we keep new diseases from emerging?” Connects to this question “what are the most common COVID vaccine myths and how did they start?”arrow_forward
- The vaccine Gardasil that targets human papilloma virus (HPV), the etiological agent of genital warts, was developed after the anti-HPV medication podofilox. Why would doctors still want a vaccine created after anti-viral medications were available?arrow_forwardIn 2014, a study investigated the frequency of HIV in a remote New Zealand community a total of 132 people participated in the study. A serological tests to diagnose cases of early HIV were conducted for each participant during 2014. Two cases were identified. The researchers followed those at risk for another year, and during this time frame another person was diagnosed. (a) What was the prevalence of HIV in 2014? (b) What was the prevalence of HIV among study participants at the end of 2015 Assume no loss to follow-up. (c) What was the cumulative incidence of HIV over the study period? (d) It appeared that not all the people at risk were followed for the entire year (2015). In fact only 65 people were followed for 12 months, 5 participants were followed for 10 months, 22 were followed for 7 months, 8 were followed for 6 months, 15 for 4 months and another 15 for 2 months. Calculate the person-time of observation (e) What…arrow_forward"Using the strain of Wolbachia from CalTech, Scott O'Neill's lab..." Found great success at preventing transmission of the Dengue virus to humans Found great success at preventing transmission of the Dengue virus between mosquitoes Found that the strain of Wolbachia used killed the mosquitoes before they could reproduce Found that the strain of Wollbachia used didn't prevent viral transmissionarrow_forward
- Three methods have been used to try to eliminate malaria. One is to eliminate the mosquito vectors of the parasite, a second is to kill the parasites after they have entered the human body, and the third is to develop a vaccine against the parasite, allowing the human immune system to provide protection from the disease. Which do you suppose is the most promising in the long run? Why? Think about both the biology of the disease and the efficacy of carrying out each of the methods on a large scale .arrow_forwardThe SARS-COV-2 is a virus, which does not even have reproductive organs but it spread so fast among humans and in less than a year created a pandemic worldwide. Why?arrow_forwardA government official interested in determining the number of infants affected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has approached your hospital to participate in a statewide funded study. The protocol will include the testing of all newborns for HIV, but the mothers will not be told that the test is being done, nor will they be told the results? Using the basic ethical principles (available in the resources file), defend or refute the practice. How will the findings of the proposed study be affected if the protocol is carried out?arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education