Concept explainers
Some cancer cells are insensitive to typical chemotherapy. Research into the mechanisms underlying this insensitivity uncovered an ability by these cells to “pump” the treatment drug out of the cell against its concentration gradient. Additional drugs have been developed that inhibit the pump, thus trapping the chemotherapeutic agent inside to promote cancer cell destruction. The Figure shows what happens when two types of cells are treated with a 3H-labeled anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel.
Two additional drugs, imatinib and nilotinib, are evaluated for their ability to overcome the cancer cells’ ability to “pump out” the chemotherapeutic agent. An asterisk (*) indicates a statistically significant difference from the cells receiving paclitaxel alone. Do the additional drugs seem to the effective in over-coming the pump? Which set of graphs (A or B) best supports your answer? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
- Because of oxygen and nutrient requirements, cells in a tissue must reside within 100 μm of a blood vessel. Based on this information, explain why many malignant tumors often possess gain-of-function mutations in one of the following genes: βFGF, TGF-α, and VEGF.arrow_forwardNeuropathy is often a side effect of anti-cancer drug treatments. Which of the following drugs induce neuropathy by disrupting microtubule formation thereby inhibiting axonal transport? Select ALL that apply Paclitaxel Oxaliplatin Vincristine Bortezomib Thalidomide Cisplatinarrow_forwardChemotherapeutic agents can promote apoptosis in cancer cells by these mechanisms except; Group of answer choices Downregulating MCL1 expression Increasing BCL-2 expression Increased p53 expression Increased BIM (BH-3) expressionarrow_forward
- Kelly has breast cancer. Her doctors determined her breast cancer wasaggressive, which meant that she needed to undergo chemotherapy. Her doctors recommended a combination of docetaxel (Taxotere®), carboplatin, and trastuzumab (Herceptin®). The following is her blog entry after her second chemo treatment: As far as chemo symptoms go, the biggest has been fatigue. I was just tired, grumpy, and not my usual, peppy self most of the week. Other very minor things—tiny bit of stomach upset at the beginning of the week, but just enough to make me not feel like eating a big steak, not enough to keep me from eating soup or sandwiches. My scalp felt a little irritated—for the girls out there, itwas the feeling of having my hair in a tight ponytail all day and then letting it down, and the follicles just feel prickly—this is normal for several daysbefore the hair falls out. Also, I have a weird dry mouth feeling, so some things taste a little different. But seriously, these are really minor…arrow_forward1) A) List 15 drugs (monoclonal antibodies can be used) used clinically to treat cancer in humans. These targets must be signal transduction pathway components. B) For each drug, list the specific protein targeted. C) For each drug, describe the efficacy of treatment (i.e. what is the success rate in life extension) as well as appropriate cost of treatment whether it be per round or an average annual cost.arrow_forwardAs mentioned above, Bob needs a bone marrow transplant. Given Bob's age and overall health, the doctor's decide to perform a "mini-transplant" of bone marrow. This procedure requires much less chemotherapy and radiation than traditional bone marrow transplants. It is designed to remove some of the patient's existing bone marrow, to suppress the cancer cells, and to prevent the patient's body from rejecting the bone marrow transplant. This type of transplant is still considered experimental for MDS treatment. It takes Bob a month to go through the chemotherapy and radiation treatments to ready his body for transplant. 6. When the doctor does blood work on Bob at this point, what blood cells do you expect to be at lower than normal levels? Iarrow_forward
- Plasma PDGF levels can be a diagnostic marker for severity and progression of breast cancer. The assay data below shows the plasma levels of PDGF in normal individuals, Stage II and Stage IV (More severe). You are treating a patient with breast cancer and assay indicates that their plasma PDGF level 6 fmoles/ 100 uL.Based on this info, in which stages has this patient's cancer progressed? Explain what process this patient's tumor has likely undergone and which cell types you would expect to now be associated with this tumor.arrow_forwardCellular reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells have allowed scientists to model various diseases and screen drugs in these in vitro models. Please select a disease that can be modeled through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. 1) why is it important to model such a disease? please explain clearly with example Thank youarrow_forwardFor many years, targeted therapies for cancer treatment continue to be developed, however more and more patients are developing resistance to targeted therapies. Discuss one mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies for cancer and provide an example of how might creatively combat it using clinical concepts.arrow_forward
- Distinguish between What is known of CD105 (endoglin) as an hepatcellular carcinoma marker and it’s potential as a drug target. Discuss: - Is anything known about its biology? E.g does it have known ligands and normal functions? - if you were to target it would you just use it to get growth inhibiting compound into the new blood vessels or is CD105 required for neovascularization?arrow_forwardRead the protocol to a cell adhesion assay experiment: Introduction- While there are many approaches that can be taken to study the "Hallmarks of Cancer", some of the most economical assays can be done using tissue culture models. While we will soon embark on a discussion of the perils of relving solely on cells grown in culture, we will find that the benefits of their usage comes in their "tractability": agonists and antagonists can be readily applied and removed from the cellular environment and behavioral reactions can be measured in a matter of hours or days. Thus, by using models such as tissue culture cells scientists can pose "bite-sized" experimental hypotheses that can be tested in well-controlled experiments in a relatively short amount of time. We will take advantage of these benefits this week by performing a simple assay of adhesive behavior that is commonly performed in the Cancer Biology world to ask basic questions about tumor cell behavior. Today we will visualize…arrow_forwardWhich of the following drugs would directly target the ability of cancer cells to evade cell growth suppressors? (evading the growth suppressor hallmark) Anti-inflammatory drugs VEGF signaling inhibitors Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors Telomerase inhibitorsarrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning