Evolution
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781605356051
Author: Douglas Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
Publisher: SINAUER
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Chapter 2, Problem 2PDT
Summary Introduction
To determine: The probable history of the evolution of diet in the given clade of birds.
Introduction: Evolution is a natural phenomenon by which new species with certain distinct traits evolve from primitive ones. Adaption has a highly active role in evolution. Certain species may have a common ancestor, while others may have a different ancestor. Morphological and anatomical features provide information about the evolutionary history of an organism.
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Flight evolved two times among the animals in this phylogenetic tree; once in birds, and once in bats (mammals). The branches on
which flight evolved are marked. Please click where flight would have most likely evolved if it were actually a homologous
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Hagfish
Lampreys
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In a phylogenetic analysis of several bird species, a researcher uses a species of reptile as an
outgroup. Which of the following is the main reason for including an outgroup in the analysis?
To identify ancestral traits shared by the bird species
To determine the overall genetic diversity of the bird species
To establish a new monophyletic group including both bird and reptile species
To analyze the convergent evolution of bird and reptile species
Four Caribbean islands with similar environmental conditions have three different species of anole lizards with specific ecological morphotypes.
Lizards
Morphotypes
Grass lizards
Long tails
Canopy lizards
Large toe pads
Twig lizards
Short legs
Researchers devised two phylogenetic trees to represent two different hypotheses about how the lizards may have evolved. The first hypothesis is that the different body types evolved repeatedly and independently of each island. The second suggests that each morphotype evolved once and spread to different islands.
Which of the following statements best explains which type of data the researchers should use to test these two hypotheses, and which phylogenetic tree correctly shows the evolutionary relationships among anoles?
Analyzing DNA samples from the anoles would likely show that phylogenetic tree B is correct since it is likely that each body type evolved once and spread to different islands.
Analyzing the…
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Evolution
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- Transitional species are species important in helping scientists determine the evolutionary path that species have taken over long periods of time. Lobe-finned fishes are the ancestors of amphibians and have fossils that are found in rocks that are at least 380 million years old. Fossils of the oldest amphibian-like vertebrate animals with true legs and lungs are found in rocks that are approximately 363 million years old. Paleontologists have found a sample of rock that is approximately 370 million years old which contains what seems to be a link between lobe-finned fishes and amphibians. Which of the following is a characteristic that you would not expect to see in this transitional fossil? Question options: Skeletal structures that indicate the development of legs. An intermediate structure between lungs and gills. Teeth that are intermediate to the lobe-finned fishes and amphibians. A neck that is more flexible than lobe-finned fishes.arrow_forwardBelow is a phylogeny depicting the relationship among eight animal species (A to H). Next to the species names are the tooth morphology of each species. For example, species A has prominent molar teeth, thus likely a herbivore. On the other hand, species C has prominent canine teeth, thus likely a carnivore. Which of the following statements is correct? The most recent common ancestor for species A to H is probably a carnivore. The most recent common ancestor for species A to H is probably a herbivore. It is impossible to tell what the main food source is for the most recent common ancestor of species A to H. For species C, D, E, F, G, there are four evolutionary events that lead to the evolution of canine tooth morphology. IF the common ancestor of species C, D, E, F, G is a carnivore, then the molar teeth for species D is a plesiomorphy.arrow_forwardA study inferred a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on sequence data from a specific gene. Numbers represent bootstrap support values for each clade. Based on the study's findings, how certain should we be that marsupials are sister to placental mammals, rather than monotremes? What number is used to represent this certainty, and how was it calculated?arrow_forward
- This phylogenetic tree shows that: All of these Elephants evolved from hyraxes. Tapirs are the most highly evolved mammals in this group. Hippopotamuses are more closely related to cetaceans than they are to pigs. Pigs are the common ancestors of cetaceans and hippopotamuses.arrow_forwardRefer to the image. Gibbon (20 species in 4 genera) Prosimians: Bushbabies New World and lemurs monkeys Apes Macmillan Learning Orangutan Old World monkeys Gibbons Great apes Gorilla Human Robust canine teeth Earlobes Bonobo Delayed puberty Chimpanzee The characters listed in the ancestral lineages certainly do not represent all the most important evolutionary changes that occurred in these ancestors. Rather, they are a sample of the changes that occurred at each stage.arrow_forwardWhat is the function of including an outgroup in this phylogeny? After all, the point of the phylogeny is to see which Galapagos finch species are most closely related to each other.arrow_forward
- According to the phylogeny below, which of the following statements is true? Branch point (common ancestor) Lungfishes Amphibians Mammals etrapod limbs Amnion Lizards and snakes Crocodiles Homologous characteristic Otriches +6 Feathers Hawks and other birds A. The most recent common ancestor of all the species shown had tetrapod limbs. B. Amphibians are more closely related to ostriches than they are to lungfish. ) The most recent common ancestor of amphibians and mammals had amnion but did not have four walking limbs. O D. Amnion evolved earlier that the evolution of tetrapod limbs. DE. Crocodiles are more closely related to ostriches than ostriches are to hawks and other birds. Tetrapods Amniotes Birdsarrow_forwardThe tree shows one lineage of ornithischian dinosaurs and many lineages of theropoddinosaurs. Some important traits are mapped on the tree including the aspects of feathers, digits of thehands and a few behaviors. a. What phylogenetic function do the Ornithischian dinosaurs play in this tree?b. What trait is shared by all theropod dinosaurs?c. Only two lineages are thought to be capable of flight. What trait may have helped their wings to bestrong enough?d. What seems to happen to the bones of the hand across this tree of dinosaurs?e. What other bone characteristics might be important to ultimately enabling flight?arrow_forwardWhich of the following conclusions is most consistent with the information in the evolutionary tree shown below? Each branch point represents the common ancestor of the two lineages diverging from that point. Lungfishes Amphibians Mammals Digit-bearing limbs Lizards and snakes Amnion Crocodiles A hatch mark represents a homologous characteristic shared by all the groups to the right of the mark. Ostriches Feathers Hawks and other birds O Mammals are more closely related to birds than to amphibians. O Lizards and crocodiles (both of which have legs) are more closely related to each other than either is to snakes (which lack legs). O Crocodiles are more closely related to hawks than to lizards. O Modern lungfishes are the common ancestor of modern tetrapods. Tetrapods Amniotes Reptiles Birdsarrow_forward
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