You gather the following data on the expression of a eukaryotic gene which experiences positive gene regulation (induction). What the gene product is or how it is induced is not important for understanding the problem. The numbers indicate the amounts of product seen at each stage listed (what the units are isn't important either). At what stage of the gene expression process is the production of the gene's protein being affected? What data leads you to think this? Remember, this is a eukaryote.
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- Question Genes can be transcribed into mRNA, in the case of protein-coding genes, or into RNA, in the case of genes such as those that encode ribosomal or transfer RNAs. Define a gene. For the following characteristics, state whether they apply to (a) continuous, (b) simple, or (c) complex transcription units.i. Found in eukaryotesii. Contain intronsiii. Capable of making only a single protein from a given geneQUESTION NUMBER: 23 Transcription of the zygote nucleus is dispensable in Drosophila early development but not in early development of mouse. Why? Pick the correct statement in this context: A) O The above assumption is wrong, transcription of the zygote nucleus is essential for Drosophila as well as mouse early development. B) O Elaborate epigenetic mechanisms present in mouse, but absent in Drosophila pose an essential need for the zygote nucleus to be transcriptionally inactive in mouse. C) O Drosophila oocyte contains all the transcripts needed to support early development, but the mouse oocyte does not. D) O Due to inactivation of one X chromosome in early development, mouse oocytes have developed independent regulatory strategies to dispense with the early zygoticQuestion 1 Give a short but clear overview of the multi-level regulation of gene expression.
- Bong Question #1: The diagram below depicts the regulatory regions for two (made-up) genes, which contain cis-regulatory sequences X, Y, and Z and bind to transcriptional regulatory proteins: zelo led diogot bolgate SMARTY – a transcriptional ACTIVATOR protein, which is present in all neuronal cells and binds to cis-regulatory sequence, X1oq & vino 19vewod.152 moldong sai mut tum BRAWNY-a transcriptional ACTIVATOR protein, which is present in all muscle cells and binds to cis-resgulatory sequence, Yolgulum di ko malo na SNARKY - a transcriptional REPRESSOR protein, which is present in peripheral neurons only and binds to cis-regulatory sequence Z 100 bio se i da se lotimo broup gniwollt od 19 bolgate ons zegg or we de base do no me to stir noitesup od went of sistemos seu anoitesup 15wens horle 10oldog woy ni gnius stoted 1910 ni tatayot ovizasovo got no rade od lliw anioq azia oo ingene Aroom or b X y Jeol VELY gan 100 Tonnodige ΤΑΤΑ, 229nibrow dong H .aodto diw atse meldong mov.no o…Recall that the nuclear membrane disintegrates late in prophase of mitosis in most eukarvotic cells. Once the membrane is reformed in telophase in a daughter cell, several components of gene expression mignt therefore be "caught" out in the cytoplasm when they would otherwise onlv ever be found inside the nucleus. Consider where the following components of gene expression are made and where they runction. Which component is normally never found in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus? O A. Spliced intron • B. RNA polymerase O C. Histones • D. DNA polymeraseQuestion 4: Explain how a deletion mutation leading to a modification of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) on the CACNA1S mRNA could lead to hypokalemic periodic paralysis without changing the structure of the polypeptide formed? (Note this is not the known cause of hypoKPP, but it makes a good question)
- Question- Mutations in the KRAS gene are frequently found in colon cancer. These mutations are always missense mutations, primarily in codons 12 or 61. Mutations in the APC gene are also associated with colon cancer. In this case, however, nonsense and frameshift mutations are frequent and are scattered throughout most of the coding region. From this information, answer the following questions and explain: Is KRAS an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene? Is APC an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene?This question is regarding the 6 areas that can be involved in the control of gene expression: Part 1 - Using the image below, indicate where the six major control points for eukaryotic gene expression are on the figure (Letters A - F). Part 2 - Please give a brief description of what is occurring at each point or the specific molecule(s) for letters A- F. 1. Control Point A 2. Description of A 3. Control Point B 4. Description of B 5. Control Point C 6. Description of C 7. Control Point D 8. Description of D 9. Control Point E 10. Description of E 11. Control Point F 12. Description of FWHAT ELSE CAN I ADD TO THIS DISCUSSION In general, what is gene regulationand what are the consequences if this process goes awry? Gene regulation is the process used to control the timing, location and amount of genes expressed. The process is carried out by a variety of mechanisms, including regulatory proteins and chemical modification of DNA. It’s key to the ability of an organism to respond to environmental changes. If the gene regulation process goes awry, these alterations are called mutations and can accumulate over a lifetime. Errors in genes that control cell division can cause cancer and other genetic mutations to take place.
- Homozygosity for extremely rare mutations in a humangene called SCN9A cause complete insensitivity topain (congenital pain insensitivity or CPA) and a totallack of the sense of smell (anosmia). The SCN9A geneencodes a sodium channel protein required for transmission of electrical signals from particular nerves inthe body to the brain. The failure to feel pain is a dangerous condition as people cannot sense injuries.The SCN9A gene has 26 exons and encodes a1977-amino acid polypeptide. Consanguineous matings in three different families have resulted in individuals with CPA/anosmia. In Family 1, a G-to-Atransition in exon 15 results in a truncated protein that is898 amino acids long; in Family 2, deletion of a singlebase results in a 766-amino acid polypeptide; and inFamily 3, a C-to-G transversion in exon 10 yields a458-amino acid protein.a. Hypothesize as to how each of the three SCN9Amutations affects gene structure: Why are truncatedproteins made in each case? b. How would you…The transcription factor Pax6 is required continuallyduring the life of a mouse (or a human) for the development and maintenance of the retina. HomozygousPax6 knockout mice die soon after birth because Pax6protein is also required in essential organs, such as thepancreas.a. In order to study the role of Pax6 in eye development, a researcher wants to generate a mouse thatexpresses Pax6 everywhere except in its eyes.Describe how you could construct such a mouse.b. Suppose the scientist wants to create a mousesimilar to that in part (a), but in which the eye cellsfrom which Pax6 function has been removed nowexpress GFP. Marking the cells in this way willallow the investigator to see the shapes of the Pax6−eye cells more easily than if they did not expressGFP. Diagram a Pax6 gene construct that wouldenable her to do this experiment.The following is a list of mutations that have beendiscovered in a gene that has more than 60 exons andencodes a very large protein of 2532 amino acids.Indicate whether or not each mutation could cause adetectable change in the size or the amount of mRNAand/or a detectable change in the size or the amountof the protein product. (Detectable changes in size oramount must be greater than 1% of normal values.)What kind of change would you predict?a. Lys576Val (changes amino acid 576 from lysineinto valine)b. Lys576Argc. AAG576AAA (changes codon 576 from AAG toAAA)d. AAG576UAGe. Met1Arg (at least two possible scenarios exist forthis mutation)f. promoter mutationg. one base pair insertion into codon 1841h. deletion of codon 779i. IVS18DS, G–A, + 1 (this mutation changes thefirst nucleotide in the eighteenth intron of the gene,causing exon 18 to be spliced to exon 20, thusskipping exon 19)j. deletion of the poly-A addition sitek. G-to-A substitution in the 5′ UTRl. insertion of 1000 base…