2. Explain the pressure and volume changes in the ventricle during the following phases of the cardiac cycle; a. Isovolumetric contraction: b. Ejection: c. Isovolumetric relaxation: d. Rapid filling:
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- A characteristic of blood circulation through or to the heart is that: a. the superior vena cava conveys blood to the head. b. the inferior vena cava conveys blood to the right atrium. c. the pulmonary arteries convey blood from the lungs to theleft atrium. d. the pulmonary veins convey blood into the left ventricle. e. the aorta branches into two coronary arteries that conveyblood from heart muscle.An electrical difference across the fibers of the heart is called the A. Absolute refractory period B. Resting membrane potential C. Action potential D. DepolarizationThe heartbeat includes: a. the systole when the heart relaxes and fills. b. the diastole when the heart contracts and empties. c. pressure that causes the AV valves to open, filling the ventricles. d. rising pressure in the ventricles to open the AV valves and close the SL valves. e. the lub sound when the SL valves open and the dub sound when the AV valves close.
- 1. Age-related changes in the heart’s electrical conduction system such as fibrosis and loss of specialized cells and fibers in the SA node and fibrosis of AV node and left anterior fascicle contribute to the development of (choose all that apply): a. Normal heart rate at rest b. Increase in atrial ectopy (irregular, rapid heartbeats) c. Increase in episodes of bradycardia (slow heart rate) d. Increased incidence of heart block. 2. Describe 3 age-related changes in the lungs that have a negative impact on preventing lung infections.6. Describe the parts of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and explain how these electrical events are related to the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. Reference the Wigger’s diagram. Start at the P-wave and go through to the T-wave. Make sure to clearly state what each wave, interval, and segment represent. Make sure to clearly state the general rule concerning the timing of electrical and mechanical events as well as give specific examples. Mention P wave, QRS complex, T wave, PR interval, R-R interval, PR segment, ST segment, conduction system of the heart, autorhythmic cardiac cells, contractile cardiac cells, depolarization, repolarization, atria, ventricles, atrioventricular node.20. In a non-innervated heart Preload will increase: A. Peripheral resistance. B. Aortic compliance. C. Stroke volume. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.
- 1. Which phase of Ventricular Filling increases the volume of blood in the ventricles the most? A.Isovolumetric Relaxation B.Diastasis C.Atrial Systole D.Rapid Filling 2. Which graph would most directly show ventricular ejection? A.Atrial, Ventricular, and Aortic Pressure B.The EKG C.Heart Ausculatation D.Volume of Blood in the Ventricles6. Describe the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle (as in Figure 14.18a), including isovolumic ventricular contraction and isovolumic ventricular relaxation (pressure- volume curve of left ventricle, Figure 14.18b). What causes valves to open and close during a cardiac cycle?1. Match the heart structure with the description. Mediastinum A. The thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart. Арех. B. Middle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue C. Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle - closes to prevent blood from going back into right atrium Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium D. Anatomical region that extends from the stemum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs. Location of the heart. Epicardium E. Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out to the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary semilunar valve. F. Smooth, innermost layer of the heart wall in direct contact with the blood being pumped. Myocardium Endocardium G. Wrinkled pouch like structure on the anterior surface of each atrium - increase the capacity of the atria Auricle H. The pointed tip of…
- 17. Match the ECG wave information with the appropriate action potential in the following columns: a.P wave e.Depolarization of the AV node b.QRS complex f.Repolarization of ventricles c.PR segment g.Depolarization of ventricles d.T wave h.Depolarization of the atria Match the itmes in the left columns to the right columns.1. In ventricular fibrillation, there is no pattern visible in the EKG. What does this mean in terms of contraction? A. contraction will have no visible pattern either and the ventricles will be unable to eject much blood B. the pattern doesn't matter; contraction of the ventricles will not be affected as long as ventricular myocytes continue to depolarize and depolarize C. the ventricular myocytes will be unable to contract C. contraction will become constant and ventricles will be unable to fill with blood 2. Which structure follows depolarization of the SA Node and atria in the cardiac conduction system? A.ventricular myocytes B.AV Node C.left and right bundle branches D.AV bundle E Purkinje fibers 3. Hypertension increases afterload for the heart which in turn A. increases Stroke Volume B. decreases Stroke Volume C.increases Cardiac Output D.increases Venous Return1. The source of the electrical currents that you measured on the skin throughout a normal electrocardiogram is: a. regional differences in depolarization state between parts of the myocardium b. The SA node cells c. the opening and closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves d. depolarizations of the muscle and nerve cells close to the electrode site e. The AV node cells 2. Release or discharge from which of the following is likely to produce a slowing in the rate at which the AV node transmits a depolarization? a. Your coffee cup (caffeine) b. the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Oxytocin) c. the sympathetic nervous system d. the parasympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve) e. the medulla of the adrenal gland (epinephrine) 3.Which of the following is unlikely to affect the force of contraction of an individual ventricular myocyte (muscle cell)? a. the amount of…