Microbiology with Diseases by Body System (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780134477206
Author: Robert W. Bauman Ph.D.
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 5, Problem 20CT
In addition to extremes in temperature and pH, other chemical and physical agents denature proteins. These agents include ionizing radiation, alcohol, enzymes, and heavy-metal ions. For example, the first antimicrobial drug, arsphenamine, contained the heavy metal arsenic and was used to inhibit the enzymes of the bacterium Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. Given that both human and bacterial enzymes are denatured by heavy metals, how was arsphenamine used to treat syphilis without poisoning the patient? Why is syphilis no longer treated with arsenic-containing compounds?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Given this, if you used 6g of vitamin Z powder to make 20 ml of solution, what is the % concentration of this solution? (I gave the image since I don't know if that info is needed to solve this question.)It also gives a follow-up, if you can help here too:
You work in a lab as a summer student. One of your tasks is to make sure that there is enough cell culture medium containing antibiotics to grow bacteria. One day you realize that there is only 5 ml of 10% Antibiotic stock solution in the freezer. You decide to use it all to prepare the working culture medium with 0.01% antibiotic. In the lab there is plenty of growth medium without antibiotics. (Note: dilution in medium is like dilution in water). You remember the equation to make dilutions of stock solutions. You usually use this formula to calculate the required volume of a stock solution, but you realize it can apply here as well, even though the unknown is the final volume. So, you make that dilution.
Given that each bacterial…
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent used in many household products.
It is structurally similar to polychlorobiphenylol, a substrate that binds to the active
site of the enzyme sulfotransferase. Based on these facts, you can conclude that
triclosan most likely:
lowers the activation energy of chemical reactions.
functions as an enzyme when sulfotransferase is absent.
is a competitive inhibitor.
acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor.
For each of the following examples, indicate whether the drug is acting on physical process, chemical process or enzymatic system (your answer should be only; Physical, Chemical or Enzymatic).
A. A drug is used as an antidote in lead poisoning and acts by binding to lead particles in body (chelation therapy).
B. A drug acts to reduce flatulence and acts by reducing the surface tension of intestinal gas bubbles in the GI tract (e.g. Simethicone).
C. A drug competes with alpha-glucosidase in intestine to reduce glucose conversion from disaccharides (e.g. Acarbose).
Chapter 5 Solutions
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System (5th Edition)
Ch. 5 - How can oxidation take place in an anaerobic...Ch. 5 - Why do electrons carried by NADH allow for...Ch. 5 - Why does catabolism of amino acids for energy...Ch. 5 - An uninformed student describes the Calvin-Benson...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5TMWCh. 5 - Why is feedback inhibition necessary for...Ch. 5 - Breaks a large molecule into smaller ones a....Ch. 5 - Includes dehydration synthesis reactions a....Ch. 5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 5 - Prob. 4MC
Ch. 5 - Involves the production of cell membrane...Ch. 5 - Includes hydrolytic reactions a. anabolism only b....Ch. 5 - Includes metabolism a. anabolism only b. both...Ch. 5 - Prob. 8MCCh. 5 - A reduced molecule _________. a. has gained...Ch. 5 - Prob. 10MCCh. 5 - Coenzymes are ________. a. types of apoenzymes b....Ch. 5 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 5 - Which of the following does not affect the...Ch. 5 - Most oxidation reactions in bacteria involve the...Ch. 5 - Under ideal conditions, the fermentation of one...Ch. 5 - Under ideal conditions, the complete aerobic...Ch. 5 - Which of the following statements about the...Ch. 5 - Reactions involved in the light-independent...Ch. 5 - The glycolysis pathway is basically __________. a....Ch. 5 - A major difference between anaerobic respiration...Ch. 5 - 1. _______ Occurs when energy from a compound...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 1. The final electron acceptor...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 2. Two ATP molecules are used...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 3. The initial catabolism of...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 4. ________ is a cyclic series...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 5. The final electron acceptor...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 6. Three common inorganic...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 7. Anaerobic respiration...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 8. Complete the following...Ch. 5 - Prob. 9FIBCh. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 10 The main coenzymes that...Ch. 5 - VISUALIZE IT! 1 Label the mitochondrion to...Ch. 5 - Label the diagram below to indicate acetyl-CoA,...Ch. 5 - Examine the biosynthetic pathway for the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 1SACh. 5 - Why we enzymes necessary for anabolic reactions to...Ch. 5 - How do organisms control the rate of metabolic...Ch. 5 - How does a nor-competitive inhibitor at a single...Ch. 5 - Explain the mechanism of negative feedback with...Ch. 5 - Facultative anaerobes can live under either...Ch. 5 - How does oxidation of a molecule occur without...Ch. 5 - List at least four groups of microorganisms that...Ch. 5 - Why do we breathe oxygen and give of carbon...Ch. 5 - Why do cyanobacteria and algae take in carbon...Ch. 5 - What happens to the carbon atoms in sugar...Ch. 5 - How do yeast cells make alcohol and cause bread to...Ch. 5 - Where specifically does the most significant...Ch. 5 - Why are vitamins essential metabolic factors for...Ch. 5 - A laboratory scientist notices that a cer1ain...Ch. 5 - Arsenic is a poison that exists in two states in...Ch. 5 - Explain why an excess of all three of the amino...Ch. 5 - Why might an organism that uses glycolysis and the...Ch. 5 - Describe how bacterial fermentation causes milk to...Ch. 5 - Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica are...Ch. 5 - Two cultures of a facultative anaerobe are grown...Ch. 5 - What is the maximum number of molecules of ATP...Ch. 5 - In terms of its effects on human metabolism, why...Ch. 5 - Cyanide is a potent poison because it irreversibly...Ch. 5 - How are photophosphorylation and oxidative...Ch. 5 - Members of the pathogenic bacterial genus...Ch. 5 - Compare and contrast aerobic respiration,...Ch. 5 - Scientists estimate that up to one-third of Earths...Ch. 5 - A young student was troubled by the idea that a...Ch. 5 - If a bacterium uses beta-oxidation to catabolize a...Ch. 5 - Some desert rodents rarely have water to drink....Ch. 5 - Prob. 17CTCh. 5 - We have examined the total ATP, NADH, and FADH2...Ch. 5 - Explain why hyperthermophiles do not cause disease...Ch. 5 - In addition to extremes in temperature and pH,...Ch. 5 - Figure 5.18b illustrates events in aerobic...Ch. 5 - Suppose you could insert a tiny pH probe into the...Ch. 5 - Even though Pseudomonas aeruginosa and...Ch. 5 - Photosynthetic organisms are rarely pathogenic....Ch. 5 - Prob. 25CTCh. 5 - A scientist moves a green plant grown in sunlight...Ch. 5 - What class of enzyme is involved in amination...Ch. 5 - Using the following terms, fill in the following...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- The highly pathogenic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens is responsible for gas gangrene, a condition in which animal tissue structure is destroyed. This bacterium secretes an enzyme that efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of the peptide bond indicated in red: where X and Y are any of the 20 common amino acids. How does the secretion of this enzyme contribute to the invasiveness of this bacterium in human tissues? Why does thisenzyme not affect the bacterium itself?arrow_forwardA culture medium consisting of known amounts of glucose, NaCl, and ammonium and potassium phosphate would be an example of:arrow_forwardThe normal human body temperature is 37oC. This represents the optimal enzyme activity within the body. Explain the mechanism and reason why body temperature rises to 39oC when some systematic or superficial infections occur.arrow_forward
- A vial of Doxorubicin reads 0•5g per vial. Instructions say to reconstitute each 12mg with 2•5ml of NS. How many ml of NS will be needed to reconstitute the vial of the recommended concentration? please show workingarrow_forwardChoose the best biomaterials (Metal, Polymer, Ceramic) for the following applications with the at least three reasons.arrow_forwardPhosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol yieldsa) Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-biphosphateb) Phosphatidylinositol 3, 5-biphosphatec) Phosphatidylinositol 3, 4-biphosphated) Phosphatidylinositol 5, 6-biphosphatearrow_forward
- Idris has successfully extracted enzymatic proteins from the fish viscera (intestines and stomach). After homogenization and centrifugation, he managed to pool the crude enzyme extract. He is characterizing the enzymes. Please help Idris by answering the followingquestions:arrow_forwardThe site where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is called: Active site Receptor site Coenzyme O Allosteric site Enzyme linked receptors:arrow_forwardConcentrations in biochemical systems are often very dilute. Consequently, scientific notation and logarithms are often used to express concentrations. In scientific notation, numbers are expressed as coefficient x 10" To convert a number to scientific notation, proceed as follows: 1. Move the decimal place so that there is one digit in front of the decimal. 2. Account for the moved decimal in the value of x. If the decimal moved to the right, x is negative; if it moved to the left, x is positive. A logarithm is basically an exponent. Unless otherwise indicated, a logarithm is the a of 10". The numbers after the decimal point are significant; the number before the decimal just identify the location of the decimal point for the number. Notice that it is easy to estimate a logarithm from scientific notation; it's the exponent! Logarithms are commonly used to express the concentration of H. The pH is defined as pH= log (In), where the base number is 2.303. The same general rules as logs…arrow_forward
- The Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) technique offers greater sensitivity compared to other conventional spectroscopy techniques. Explain the underlying mechanism of this.arrow_forwardEach liter of an intranasal antibiotic solution contains 160 mg of gentamicin. You have 2-mL gentamicin vials that contain 40 mg. How many vials will you need if you are to prepare three liters of the antibiotic solution?arrow_forwardcategorize the following into reversible or irreversible (competitive or non-competitive) inhibitors. No explanation is required, just list the name of the inhibitor. a) Penicillin b) Cyanide c) Aspirin d) Tipranavirarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Enzyme Kinetics; Author: MIT OpenCourseWare;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXWZr3mscUo;License: Standard Youtube License