Each number and the most acidic hydrogen in below molecule should be determined. Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom develops partial positive charge. Polarization in any molecule arises due to electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. Polarization that is caused by electronegative atom can induce polarization in neighboring bonds to very small extent. This effect is known as inductive effect. Due to this effect, hydrogen attached to positive atom become more acidic than that on neutral atom. This also explains more acidic nature of hydrogens attached to electronegative atoms as compared to other atoms.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 48CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Each number and the most acidic hydrogen in below molecule should be determined.

Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom develops partial positive charge. Polarization in any molecule arises due to electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. Polarization that is caused by electronegative atom can induce polarization in neighboring bonds to very small extent. This effect is known as inductive effect. Due to this effect, hydrogen attached to positive atom become more acidic than that on neutral atom. This also explains more acidic nature of hydrogens attached to electronegative atoms as compared to other atoms.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the most acidic hydrogen in below structure is consistent with fact that this molecule has pKa close to 16 or not should be determined.

Concept introduction: pKa is defined as negative logarithm of dissociation constant of acid (Ka) . If conjugate acid has high pKa value, its dissociation constant will be less. As a result, it cannot dissociate completely in solutions and acts as weak acid. Strength of base and its conjugate acid are inversely related to each other. So base that corresponds to weak conjugate acid will be strong base. Higher the pKa of conjugate acid, the stronger the base and vice-versa.

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spring 4.) а. and then provide a BRIEF rationale. [DO NOT say because it's more acidic...this is not a rationale...] Circle the more acidic proton, Hạ or Hb, on each molecule below, draw the most stable conjugate base, Rationale: На N Hb most stable conjugate base ОНа SHb most stable conjugate base b.) a BRIEF rationale. [DO NOT say because it's more basic...this is not a rationale...] Identify the most basic site on each molecule below, draw the most stable conjugate acid, and then provide Rationale: `NH2 most stable conjugate acid HO, most stable conjugate acid

Use the information in the pK table to rank the molecules in order of decreasing basicity. For exam and "2" for the next strongest base and so on. CH3NH₂ H HSO4 HS Molecules (Choose one) (Choose one) (Choose one) (Choose one) X CH1 NH₂ H₁₂ CH,NH, H₂O CH₂OH 48 38 36 33 15.7 15.5 pk₁ table a CH,NH, CH, SH 10.4 HCN NH H₂S CH,CO,H 10.6 9.4 9.2 7.00 4.76

What is the outcome of the reaction shown in the box? Base ? OEt A) OEt OEt D) OEt OEt O A ов ос OD O. B)

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 48CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Each number and the most acidic hydrogen in below molecule should be determined.

Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom develops partial positive charge. Polarization in any molecule arises due to electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. Polarization that is caused by electronegative atom can induce polarization in neighboring bonds to very small extent. This effect is known as inductive effect. Due to this effect, hydrogen attached to positive atom become more acidic than that on neutral atom. This also explains more acidic nature of hydrogens attached to electronegative atoms as compared to other atoms.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the most acidic hydrogen in below structure is consistent with fact that this molecule has pKa close to 16 or not should be determined.

Concept introduction: pKa is defined as negative logarithm of dissociation constant of acid (Ka) . If conjugate acid has high pKa value, its dissociation constant will be less. As a result, it cannot dissociate completely in solutions and acts as weak acid. Strength of base and its conjugate acid are inversely related to each other. So base that corresponds to weak conjugate acid will be strong base. Higher the pKa of conjugate acid, the stronger the base and vice-versa.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 48CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Each number and the most acidic hydrogen in below molecule should be determined.

Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom develops partial positive charge. Polarization in any molecule arises due to electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. Polarization that is caused by electronegative atom can induce polarization in neighboring bonds to very small extent. This effect is known as inductive effect. Due to this effect, hydrogen attached to positive atom become more acidic than that on neutral atom. This also explains more acidic nature of hydrogens attached to electronegative atoms as compared to other atoms.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the most acidic hydrogen in below structure is consistent with fact that this molecule has pKa close to 16 or not should be determined.

Concept introduction: pKa is defined as negative logarithm of dissociation constant of acid (Ka) . If conjugate acid has high pKa value, its dissociation constant will be less. As a result, it cannot dissociate completely in solutions and acts as weak acid. Strength of base and its conjugate acid are inversely related to each other. So base that corresponds to weak conjugate acid will be strong base. Higher the pKa of conjugate acid, the stronger the base and vice-versa.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 48CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Each number and the most acidic hydrogen in below molecule should be determined.

Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom develops partial positive charge. Polarization in any molecule arises due to electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. Polarization that is caused by electronegative atom can induce polarization in neighboring bonds to very small extent. This effect is known as inductive effect. Due to this effect, hydrogen attached to positive atom become more acidic than that on neutral atom. This also explains more acidic nature of hydrogens attached to electronegative atoms as compared to other atoms.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the most acidic hydrogen in below structure is consistent with fact that this molecule has pKa close to 16 or not should be determined.

Concept introduction: pKa is defined as negative logarithm of dissociation constant of acid (Ka) . If conjugate acid has high pKa value, its dissociation constant will be less. As a result, it cannot dissociate completely in solutions and acts as weak acid. Strength of base and its conjugate acid are inversely related to each other. So base that corresponds to weak conjugate acid will be strong base. Higher the pKa of conjugate acid, the stronger the base and vice-versa.

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Answer 5

Chapter 4, Problem 48CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Each number and the most acidic hydrogen in below molecule should be determined.

Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom develops partial positive charge. Polarization in any molecule arises due to electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. Polarization that is caused by electronegative atom can induce polarization in neighboring bonds to very small extent. This effect is known as inductive effect. Due to this effect, hydrogen attached to positive atom become more acidic than that on neutral atom. This also explains more acidic nature of hydrogens attached to electronegative atoms as compared to other atoms.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the most acidic hydrogen in below structure is consistent with fact that this molecule has pKa close to 16 or not should be determined.

Concept introduction: pKa is defined as negative logarithm of dissociation constant of acid (Ka) . If conjugate acid has high pKa value, its dissociation constant will be less. As a result, it cannot dissociate completely in solutions and acts as weak acid. Strength of base and its conjugate acid are inversely related to each other. So base that corresponds to weak conjugate acid will be strong base. Higher the pKa of conjugate acid, the stronger the base and vice-versa.

Answer 6

Chapter 4, Problem 48CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Each number and the most acidic hydrogen in below molecule should be determined.

Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom develops partial positive charge. Polarization in any molecule arises due to electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. Polarization that is caused by electronegative atom can induce polarization in neighboring bonds to very small extent. This effect is known as inductive effect. Due to this effect, hydrogen attached to positive atom become more acidic than that on neutral atom. This also explains more acidic nature of hydrogens attached to electronegative atoms as compared to other atoms.

Answer 7

Chapter 4, Problem 48CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Each number and the most acidic hydrogen in below molecule should be determined.

Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom develops partial positive charge. Polarization in any molecule arises due to electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. Polarization that is caused by electronegative atom can induce polarization in neighboring bonds to very small extent. This effect is known as inductive effect. Due to this effect, hydrogen attached to positive atom become more acidic than that on neutral atom. This also explains more acidic nature of hydrogens attached to electronegative atoms as compared to other atoms.

Answer 8

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the most acidic hydrogen in below structure is consistent with fact that this molecule has pKa close to 16 or not should be determined.

Concept introduction: pKa is defined as negative logarithm of dissociation constant of acid (Ka) . If conjugate acid has high pKa value, its dissociation constant will be less. As a result, it cannot dissociate completely in solutions and acts as weak acid. Strength of base and its conjugate acid are inversely related to each other. So base that corresponds to weak conjugate acid will be strong base. Higher the pKa of conjugate acid, the stronger the base and vice-versa.

Answer 9

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the most acidic hydrogen in below structure is consistent with fact that this molecule has pKa close to 16 or not should be determined.

Concept introduction: pKa is defined as negative logarithm of dissociation constant of acid (Ka) . If conjugate acid has high pKa value, its dissociation constant will be less. As a result, it cannot dissociate completely in solutions and acts as weak acid. Strength of base and its conjugate acid are inversely related to each other. So base that corresponds to weak conjugate acid will be strong base. Higher the pKa of conjugate acid, the stronger the base and vice-versa.

Answer 10

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Answer 13

Ch. 4 - Prob. 1CTQ Ch. 4 - Figure 4.1 is a cartoon depiction of liquid water...Ch. 4 - Prob. 3CTQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 4CTQ Ch. 4 - In HF , neither H nor F holds a full formal charge...Ch. 4 - Prob. 6CTQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 7CTQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 8CTQ Ch. 4 - Within any one section of Table 4.2, boiling...Ch. 4 - Prob. 10CTQ

Solution Summary: The author explains that the most acidic hydrogen in a given molecule is the one that is attached with oxygen.

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