Concept explainers
(a)
To analyse:
Whether butter is an example of saturated or an unsaturated fat.
Introduction:
Fats or lipids are biological macromolecules that are insoluble in water and other polar solvents. The basic structure of all lipids comprises of a glycerol molecule to which one or more fatty acids are linked by ester bonds. If the fatty acids contain single bonds between carbon and hydrogen, they are saturated and if they contain double or triple bonds between carbon and hydrogen, they are called unsaturated.
(b)
To analyse:
Whether olive oil is an example of saturated or an unsaturated fat.
Introduction:
Fats or lipids are biological macromolecules that are insoluble in water and other polar solvents. The basic structure of all lipids comprises of a glycerol molecule to which one or more fatty acids are linked by ester bonds. If the fatty acids contain single bonds between carbon and hydrogen, they are saturated and if they contain double or triple bonds between carbon and hydrogen, they are called unsaturated.
(c)
To analyse:
The reason why membrane containing cholesterol are stiff.
Introduction:
Cell membranes are primarily composed of phospholipids that have a charged phosphate head and an uncharged fatty acid tail. Phospholipids form bilayers in solution and retain a fluid structure. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid and belongs to the class of lipids called steroids. It is also a component of cell membranes and stabilizes the membranes.
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Foundations in Microbiology
- a. What characteristic of phospholipids makes them essentialcomponents of cell membranes?b. How are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids different?c. Why is the hydrophilic end of phospholipids attracted to water?arrow_forward2) What is glycoside ? In neutral and basic solutions, glycosides do not show mutarotation. However, if the solutions are made acidic, glycosides show mutarotation. Explain why? And write a mutarotation mechanism.arrow_forward21. Saponification involves. A. the acidic hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid B. the basic hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid C. the acidic hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol D. the basic hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol E. None of the above.arrow_forward
- 1. a. How will you classify Lipids? Differentiate the Simple, Compound and Derived lipids. b. Write down the details about structure and functions of fatty acids.arrow_forward1. Draw the structures of triacylglycerol, cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin. 2. Identify the polar/charged groups and draw how water will orient itself around these groups. 3. Order these lipids from most hydrophobic to most hydrophilic. 4. Predict how the lipids will migrate on the TLC plate when the running buffer is an organic solvent. Keep in mind that although the lipid standards are dissolved in organic solvent, they can (by virtue of their polar/charged groups) interact with the polar silica matrix of the TLC plates.arrow_forward1. Draw the structure of phosphatidic acid. Circle the polar parts of the molecule and box the non-polar parts of the molecule. 2.Based on the structure why would this molecule be a major building block for glycerophospholipids that make up the cell membrane? In your answer include which part of the molecule would be inside the membrane and which one out and why. 3. What specific “effect”would drive your answer to 2?arrow_forward
- A. What type of bond is ( the two mark wtih questions mark) B. What special amino acid side chain is involved in forming these bond C. Does this bond form unde reduction or oxidizing D. Is this bond seen more in cytoplsmic proteins or in extravellular proteinarrow_forwardIn the Thin Layer Chromatography of lipids, which of the following statements is correct? A. Lecithin will be nearer to the spotting line compared to cholesterol. B. The TLC profile will show the most polar lipids have moved farthest from the spotting line while the least polar lipids are the nearest to the spotting line. C. The solid phase is non-polar while the mobile phase is polar. D. The spots can be viewed by leaving the TLC plate under the sunlight for several minutes.arrow_forward1. Why is oil liquid at room temperature, while butter is solid? 2. Which of the following lipid sample is soluble or miscible in water? Explain. a. Oil b. Butter 3. Which lipid sample mentioned in number 2 is soluble or miscible in 70% ethanol? Explain. Do you think the solubility of the lipid samples will change if 100% ethanol is used instead?arrow_forward
- 4. Amphiphilic Lipids. Detergents are small amphiphilic molecules that tend to form micelles in water. (a) Draw the structures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 (b) For each drawn detergent, indicate which portions (ends) of the molecules are hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Justify your answer (explain why hydrophilic vs hydrophobic). (c) Draw the micelle structure for one of the detergents. (d) Why does the detergent form a micelle and not a bilayer? Why do detergents denature proteins and remove grease from your clothing?arrow_forwardMatch lipid descriptions in column A with the phospholipid types in column B. H is attached to the phosphate group bound to C3 of glycerol backbone An amino acid is attached to the phosphate group bound to C3 of glycerol backbone A primary ammonium ion is found in its structure A quaternary ammonium ion is found in its structure A. phosphatidylethanolamine B. glycerophospholipid C. phosphatidylcholine D. phosphatidylserinearrow_forwardasaparrow_forward
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