Concept explainers
Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University have studied the ecology and evolution of finches on the Galápagos Islands since the early 1970s. They have shown that finches with large bills (as measured by bill depth; see Figure) can eat both small seeds and large seeds, but finches with small bills can only eat small seeds. In 1977, a severe drought on the island of Daphne Major reduced seed production by plants. After the birds consumed whatever small seeds they found, only large seeds were still available. The resulting food shortage killed a majority of the medium ground finches (Geospizafortis) on Daphne Major; their population plummeted from 751 in 1976 to just 90 in 1978. The Grants’ research also documented a change in the distributions of bill depths in the birds from 1976 to 1978, as illustrated in the graphs to the right. In light of what you now know about the relationship between bill size and food size for these birds, interpret the change illustrated in the graph. What type of natural selection does this example illustrate?
Source: P. R. Grant. 1986. Ecology and Evolution of Darwin’s Finches. Princeton University Press.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
- After the drought of 1977, researchers hypothesized that on the Galapagos Islands’ Daphne Major, medium ground finches with large, deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. A tourist company sets up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the finches. Which of these events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on this island? Why? * Increased variation in beak size and shape over time No answer No change in beak size and shape over time. Evolution of yet larger, deeper beaks over time, until all birds have relatively large, deep beaks. Evolution of smaller, pointier beaks over time, until all birds have relatively small, pointy beaksarrow_forwarda.Toucans can eat fruits with large seeds because their large bills can open very wide. Most other birds in the same forest can only eat small seeds. Ecologist Mauro Galetti and his colleagues measured the seed sizes of palms in forest fragments with and without toucans. The graphs show two of the forest populations they studied. What is the take-home message of the data? b.Large seeds carry more resources than small seeds and tend to have a higher rate of survival, especially after being dispersed by a bird. Predict how the local extinction of toucans will affect the palm population over time.arrow_forwardWhich of the following situations has revealed that mutualistic interactions can evolve from prior parasitic relationships? A. Yucca plants are pollinated only by moths of the genus Tegeticula; however, some of the moth species 'cheat" by laying eggs on seeds without pollinating the plant. B. Large-sized lice of the genus Columbicola tended to live on larger species of pigeons. Body size matching had a significant effect on the ability of lice to escape defensive preening by the host bird. C. The nonvenomous yellow-eyed salamander has the same coloration as the toxic California newt. Related nontoxic salamanders which do not mimic the newts are prone to attacks by predators. D. Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths are in an obligate mutualism with each other. Significant cospeciation led to an increase in diversity of the two species.arrow_forward
- In 1929, 13 white-tailed deer were introduced to an isolated island with no natural predators. A survey was conducted once a year to estimate the population of deer on the island. The table shows the deer population over the first five years on the island. The deer fed on many of the native plants found on the island, including the California false indigo, a thornless shrub that is a preferred food source on the island for deer. Based on the data, which of the following graphs correctly predicts the population of California false indigo from 1929 to 1941? Year of Survey Population of Deer 1929 13 1932 29 1935 66 1938 157 1941 398 image 1 because the California false indigo will be able to reproduce faster than it can be consumed by the deer and will be unaffected by the deer population, maintaining its current population image 2 because the increasing number of deer will help spread seeds of the plant and lead to a rise in…arrow_forwardOne of Darwin’s finches, the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis), is found on the small island of Daphne Major. These finches are seedeating birds. A major drought occurred on the island in 1977. Following the drought, the average beak size of medium ground finches had increased about 3%–4%. Why might a drought lead to an evolutionary change in beak size? Propose a hypothesis and explain how you could go about testing it.arrow_forwardProvide three biological reasons why sycamore aphid numbers and distributions may differ between leaves on the same tree?arrow_forward
- Which of the following scenarios may demonstrate an organism selecting a resource non-randomly? (Hint: think about the availability versus use of each type of resource .) a. )A tide pool contains twice as many red urchins as purple urchins. Otters eat twice as many red urchins as purple urchins . B. ) In a desert with equal numbers of creosote and saltbush, ants gather only creosote seeds. C. ) In a desert of only creosote bushes, ants gather creosote seeds. D. ) A tide pool contains twice as many purple urchins as red urchins. Otters eat twice as many red urchins as purple urchins.arrow_forwardWhat is the evidence that coevolution of different resource uses allows different finch species to coexist in the Galapagos Islands? Researchers have conducted experiments adding and removing food, and have studied how bill sizes have changed. Researchers have removed one finch species on islands where there are multiple seed-eating species, and have studied how bill sizes of the remaining species have changed. Researchers have compared bill sizes of finch species on islands where they are alone and islands where there is a second seed-eating finch. There is no scientific evidence at all. This is pure storytelling.arrow_forwardHawaiian forests grow on nutrient-poor, volcanic-derived soils that have Very low phosphorus levels. In an experiment, scientists fertilized some areas of Hawaiian forest with phosphorus. As a control, they left other areas unfertilized. After one year, they observed increased tree growth on fertilized sites. Fertilized trees supported 37% more herbivorous insect biomass than unfertilized trees. These findings provide evidence that: Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit bottom-up structure Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit both bottom-up and top-down structure Hawaiian forests are resilient but not necessarily resistant Hawaiian forests exhibit alternate stable states Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit top-down structurearrow_forward
- You've been out in the field collecting data on the predation of holly leaves. You collect 200 leaves in total of which 100 leaves contain one mine, 20 leaves contain 2 mines and 30 leaves contain 3 mines. After close examination with your hand lens and dissecting microscope you categorize a total of 15 mines with round holes, 9 mines that were torn open and 27 mines with an irregular hole. After some basic analyses you conclude that the predation rates by blue tits and wasps are: A. 3.7% and 6.5% B. 6% and 10% C. 10% and 6% D. 4% and 6.5%arrow_forwardAllan Pounds and Kevin Anchukaitis both think only one factor - either climate change or an El Nino event - killed the golden toad. However, might they both be right? Could it be that the dry conditions created by the El Nino event were worsened by underlying climate change effects, so that El Nino and climate change together caused the extinction of the golden toad in Monteverde? Yes, the El Nino event in combination with climate change could have led to the extinction of the golden toad. Multiple factors can influence species' extinction. O No, only one factor - either climate change or El Nino - acting alone killed the golden toad. Species are only ever affected by one environmental factor, never by multiple factors.arrow_forwardA researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers. But caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light Temperature Day Length Springlike Springlike conditions listed below. Springlike Summerlike Summerlike Springlike Summerlike Summerlike In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak…arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning