Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 8Q
Analogy and homology are important concepts used in comparing species. Traits are homologous if they are derived, evolutionarily and developmentally, from the same source structure. Traits are analogous if they have similar functions but are derived, evolutionarily and developmentally, from different source structures. A classic example of analogous structures is insect wings and bat wings. Which of the following pairs of structures are analogous and which arc homologous?
- a. The dorsal fins of a porpoise and a salmon
- b. The flippers of a porpoise and the pectoral fins (front fins) of a salmon
- c. The jointed leg of a ladybird beetle and a robin
- d. A rhesus monkey’s tail and a human’s coccyx
- e. The bright red bracts (modified leaves) of a poinsettia and the green leaves of a rose
- f. Red bracts on a poinsettia and red petals on a rose
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Students have asked these similar questions
A phylogeny of 5 species of birds is shown below with values for three different
phenotypic traits for each species shown in the rows above (e.g., species A has a
wide, long beak and red tail, while species C has a narrow, very long beak and a
green tail). DNA sequencing of tissue samples found buried in a freezer confirms that
an extremely rare and reclusive species (D) is a sister species of E, but preserved
samples of entire individuals of species D have been lost, the original collector of the
samples has passed away, and no individuals of species D have subsequently been
seen in the wild. In other words, we have no idea what species D looks like.
Employing the principle of parsimony, which of the following conclusions is MOST
appropriate for the likely values of these traits in species D?
Beak width:
wide
wide
??
narrow
narrow
Beak length:
long
long
??
long
very long
Tail colour:
red
blue
??
green
green
A
E
a) wide beak, very long beak, green tail
b) narrow beak, long beak, all…
The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A “0” indicates the ancestral condition, and a “1” indicates the derived condition.
1. Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?
2. Which species has the fewest number of derived characters?
How, specifically, is the concept of ALLOMETRY relevant to the phylogenetic position of Homo
floresiensis?
Because if allometry explains the anatomy of Homo floresiensis then we can conclude that it is not
separate species but instead a member of our species.
Although most mammals on islands go through a process of getting smaller, Homo floresiensis evolved from
a smaller ancestor to be bigger, meaning that allometry is an important factor.
Mutations in the allometry allele are associated with many of the characteristics of Homo floresiensis.
Because Homo floresiensis is so much smaller than other members of the genus Homo, it is important to
determine how shape changes associated with smaller size impacted the species.
Because Homo floresiensis had both small- and large-bodied forms, variation within the species is in large
part dictated by allometry.
Chapter 2 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 2 - Review the kinds of evidence for evolution...Ch. 2 - Consider the experiment described in Section 2.1...Ch. 2 - In addition to dogs, list at least two or three...Ch. 2 - Look back at Figure 2.14d, which shows the two...Ch. 2 - Figures 2.20 through 2.22 show examples of...Ch. 2 - The transitional fossils in Figure 2.21...Ch. 2 - Section 2.4 presented two definitions of homology:...Ch. 2 - Analogy and homology are important concepts used...Ch. 2 - Figure 2.26 is an evolutionary tree showing the...Ch. 2 - According to the evolutionary tree shown in Figure...
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