A researcher was asked if his work on human telomere replication was related to any genetic disorders. He replied that one might think that any such mutations would be lethal during early development, but in fact a rare human genetic disorder affecting telomeres is known. This disorder, dyskeratosiscongenita (DKC), is associated with mutations in the protein subunits of telomerase, the enzyme responsible for replicating the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Initial symptoms appear in tissues derived from rapidly dividing cells, including the skin, nails, and bone marrow, and first affect children between the ages of 5 and 15 years.
How could such individuals survive?
To review:
The survivability of people with Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC).
Introduction:
Dyskeratosis congenital (DKC) is a rare genetic X chromosome-linked disease. Initial symptoms of this disease show up between the age of 5 to 15 years. People with DKC has the mutation on telomerase gene thus has non-functional telomerase. This disease affects the tissues with rapidly growing cells like skin, nails, and bone marrow.
Explanation of Solution
The tail region of the eukaryotic chromosome is known as the telomere. This region does not contain any functional genes but only guanine and a cytosine-rich tandem repeat of nucleotides. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) polymerase responsible for DNA replication cannot replicate the telomere region efficiently. Thus telomerase play a crucial role in replication of telomere. Here in case of persons withDyskeratosis congenita (DKC), after every successful cell division, a part of the telomere region gets lost in the newly divided cell. This problem is known as end replication problem.
The eukaryotic cells use telomerase to replicate telomere, which can successfully replicate the telomere region without losing any of its regions. The whole telomere region of the people with non-functional telomerase gets lost after a few early cell division. However, as this telomere region does not has any functional genes that could affect the cell functionality, early cell divisions can occur smoothly.
The patients can survive early development. Once the whole telomere region gets lost and functional genes present near the telomere region starts getting lost due to further cell division, only then, the patients show symptoms of DKC. That occursnormally between 5- 15 years of age.
Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) appears among people who have mutated loss-in-function telomerase. Therefore, it can be concluded that the people with non-functional telomerase can survive early development. After that, they will start showing symptoms ofDKC, which includes nail dystrophy, abnormal skin pigmentation, and bone marrow failure.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 10 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
- Scientists identify a tumor cell in rats that divides more rapidly in the presence of galactose. When they sequence the DNA of the tumor cells, they identify retroviral DNA. Explain what circumstances might have occurred that produced this phenotype.arrow_forwardScientists are working to develop gene therapy to treat Batten disease, also known as Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (LINCL). This fatal, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder results from a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme TPP1 (Tripeptidyl peptidase 1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 1. Briefly outline a procedure that you could use to carry out the gene therapy for Batten disease.arrow_forwardDyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a rare human genetic disorderaffecting telomere replication. Mutations in thegenes encoding the protein or RNA subunits of telomeraseresult in very short telomeres. DKC symptoms include bonemarrow failure (reduced production of blood cells) and anemia.If symptoms are severe, a bone marrow transplant may be theonly form of effective treatment. In one case, clinicians recommendedthat a 27-year-old woman with a dominant form of DKCundergo a bone marrow transplant to treat the disorder. Her foursiblings were tested, and her 13-year-old brother was identifiedas the best immunologically matched donor. However, beforebeing tested, he was emphatic that he did not want to knowif he had DKC. During testing, it was discovered that he hadunusually short telomeres and would most likely develop symptomsof DKC. Although the brother is an immunologically matched donor for his sister, it would be unethical for the clinicians to transplant bone marrow from the brother to…arrow_forward
- Any permanent change to the structure of DNA is considered a mutation. A somatic cell mutation affects only the individual organism, while a germline mutation is passed onto the next generation. For example, excessive amount of exposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer. Although this type of mutation occurs in the somatic cells, every individual has different susceptibility to skin cell mutations upon exposure to UV rays. The susceptibility is located in the germ cell and is heritable. The individuals who choose to overexpose themselves to UV rays increase their likelihood of obtaining undesirable mutations in their somatic cells. Unlike suntanning, there are other activities we engage in that can lead to germline mutations. These activities should be avoided if possible as they lead to heritable mutations and cancer. Using 200 words or less, identify one human activity that can lead to a heritable mutation. Explain how it affects the individual and how it can be passed onto the…arrow_forwardXeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disease caused by an error in the nucleotide excision repair process that fixes damage to DNA by ultraviolet light. Studies have shown that it can result from mutations in any one of seven genes. What can you infer from this finding? A) There are seven genes that produce the same protein B) These seven genes are the most easily damaged by ultraviolet light. C) There are seven enzymes involved in the nucleotide excision repair process. D) These mutations have resulted from translocation of gene segments.arrow_forwardBased on what you have learned with respect to various DNA repair pathways, decide the most appropriate pathway that would be used to repair the following types of DNA damage. Explain your reasoning. A change in the DNA sequence caused by a mistake made by DNA polymerase during replication In a fungal species, pyrimidine dimers induced as a result of UV exposure A double-stranded break that occurs during G1 and prevents completion of DNA replicationarrow_forward
- A small section of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene has the amino acid sequence valine, histidine, cysteine, and lysine. A mutation in the above section of the amino acid sequence resulted in the substitution of amino acid histidine with amino acid glutamine. The mutation in the antisense strand DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene described above involves a. the substitution of thymine base from GTG b. the deletion of second cytosine base from CAC c. the deletion of second guanine base from GTG d. the substitution of second cytosine base from CACarrow_forward1) A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors. All BUT ONE of the statements below correctly describes or explains genetic mutations. A) Mutation can disrupt normal cell activity and cause diseases, like cancer. B) Mutations in parents' cells are then passed down to offspring via reproduction. C) Our cells can recognise any potentially mutation-causing damage and repair it before it permanent. D) Mutations can occur as the result of exposure to environmental factors such as smoking, toxins and radiation.arrow_forwardPlease read the scenario below and then answer the question (in bold) that follows. An original DNA sequence reads 3'- GGCGCTAGAATC -5'. A mutated version of that DNA strand is produced that reads 3-GGCTCTAGAATC -5. Based on the information above, how severe of an impact do you believe the mutation would have on the cell (and therefore individual) in which the mutation occurred? O a. Very severe, because the mutation leads to the formation of a truncated polypeptide O b. Moderately to very severe, because the mutation results in the formation of a polypeptide that contains amino acids not found in the unmutated polypeptide O c. Likely not that severe, because the amino acid sequence of the mutated polypeptide is identical to the amino acid sequence of the nonmutated polypeptidearrow_forward
- A small section of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene has the amino acid sequence valine, histidine, cysteine, and lysine. A mutation in the above section of the amino acid sequence resulted in the substitution of amino acid lysine with amino acid asparagine. The mutation in the antisense strand DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene described above involves Select one: a. the substitution of second adenine base from AAG b. the substitution of second thymine base from TTC c. the substitution of guanine base from AAG d. the substitution of cytosine base from TTCarrow_forwardHuntington’s disease is a hereditary central nervous system disorder characterized by tandem repeats of the sequence 5'-CAG-3' in the gene that encodes a protein called huntingtin. The disease is progressive from generation to generation, meaning that in later generations the number of CAG repeats increases and the age of onset of symptoms decreases. Refer to Figure 21.4 and describe the sort of evidence supporting the generational increase in the number of CAG repeats.arrow_forwardWhat is the mechanism by which these designed nucleases cause a change in the genomic DNA sequence?arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education