question: Can you summarize and explain for me what you want to tell in the article below? When I read it myself, I do not understand exactly what is meant by the article. It would be nice if you could highlight the important points. You can use them in a figure or diagram to explain. thank you and hava a nice day :) Article:

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
icon
Related questions
Question

question: Can you summarize and explain for me what you want to tell in the article below? When I read it myself, I do not understand exactly what is meant by the article. It would be nice if you could highlight the important points. You can use them in a figure or diagram to explain. thank you and hava a nice day :)

Article:

Photodynamic Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2

In addition to drug- and vaccine-based antiviral strategies, photodynamic therapy (PDT) stands as a unique approach to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Using a light-based method, PDT attacks target cells via the excitation of photosensitive agents, called photosensitizers (PSs), with radiation characterized by a wavelength corresponding to its absorption spectrum to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of oxygen, which ultimately results in cell death. Photodynamic therapy is primarily used for the clinical treatment of various oncological disorders. It was not until the 1970s that PDT was first used clinically against viruses,  exploiting ROS production to damage virus proteins, nucleic acids, andif presentlipids.  Even though there are research efforts for PDT-based virotherapies against different viruses, including herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, clinical use of PDT is limited due to hydrophobicity of PSs, poor target specificity, and limited tissue penetration ability.

Most PSs are hydrophobic and aggregate in aqueous solutions, affecting their photochemical and photobiological properties.  For this reason, Lim et al. have proposed a promising approach for photodynamic inactivation of viruses with NPs, developing sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) upconversion NPs (UCNs) with zinc phthalocyanine PSs grafted onto their surfaces. Unlike most PSs, these UCNs are coated with polyethylenimine (PEI), which render them hydrophilic and easier to manipulate. These UCNs showed antiviral activity against Dengue virus serotype 2 and adenovirus type 5, which were used as models of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, respectively. (110) MXenes  are a large family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides that exhibit unique electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. They have the general formula Mn+1XnTx, where M is an early transition metal (Ti, Zr, V, Mo, etc.), X is C and/or N, Tx represents the surface functional groups (═O, −OH, −F, −Cl), and n = 1–4. Some examples include Ti3C2Tx, V2CTx, and Nb2CTx, with over 30 stoichiometric compositions already synthesized with more than 100 predicted. Biocompatible MXenes, such as Ti3C2Tx, are hydrophilic and are among the most efficient light-to-heat transforming materials. The plasmon resonance extinction maxima of Ti3C2Tx is at 780 nm, enabling the use of near-infrared (IR) light for PDT. Several other MXenes have absorption maxima in the IR range and have shown outstanding performance in PDT and theranostic applications. 

Fullerene and graphene are also good candidates for virus inactivation by PDT and have proved to be effective against Semliki Forest virus (SFV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), HSV-1, HIV-1, mosquito iridovirus (MIV), and influenza A virus (IAV), as well as the phage MS2. In addition, several 2D nanomaterials, including graphene-based materials, MXenes, black phosphorus, graphitic carbon nitride, tungsten disulfide, and molybdenum disulfide, have been reported to improve the efficacy of PDT considerably for cancer treatment. Therefore, determining if such nanomaterial-based PDT protocols could be exploited to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 is of great interest.

Expert Solution
steps

Step by step

Solved in 3 steps

Blurred answer
Knowledge Booster
Serology
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
  • SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9780134580999
Author:
Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:
PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:
9781947172517
Author:
Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:
OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:
9781259398629
Author:
McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:
Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9780815344322
Author:
Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:
W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:
9781260159363
Author:
Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9781260231700
Author:
Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:
McGraw Hill Education