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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian scientist who is known as the father of modern genetics. He is renowned for the three laws of inheritance proposed by him.
- Law of dominance
- Law of segregation
- Law of independent assortment
To conclude and propose these three theories Mendel had to perform a series of experiment breeding and cross breeding between the pea plants with different traits/ phenotype which later supported for the theory of Mendel.
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- Considering the Mendelian traits round versus wrinkledand yellow versus green, consider the crosses belowand determine the genotypes of the parental plants byanalyzing the phenotypes of their offspring.Parental Plants Offspring(a) round, yellow * round, yellow 3/4 round, yellow1/4 wrinkled, yellow(b) wrinkled, yellow * round, yellow 6/16 wrinkled, yellow2/16 wrinkled, green6/16 round, yellow2/16 round, green(c) round, yellow * round, yellow 9/16 round, yellow3/16 round, green3/16 wrinkled, yellow1/16 wrinkled, green(d) round, yellow * wrinkled, green 1/4 round, yellow1/4 round, green1/4 wrinkled, yellow1/4 wrinkled, greenIn one study, Gregor Mendel crossed yellow-seeded, tall garden pea with a green-seeded,short garden pea. The F1 offspring were all yellow-seeded and tall. Assumingindependent assortment of these two genes, what phenotypes and proportions did he finamong F2 offspring when the F1 garden peas are allowed to fertilize themselves? Show the solution with punnett square.SEATWORK Symbols (for pea plant traits): • T: Tall t: short Analyze the following problems. Determine the possible genotypes, genotypic ratio, phenotypes, and phenotypic ratio from the genetic cross. Show your solution through a Punnett square. Use the symbols provided. • R: Round seeds r: wrinkled seeds • Y: Yellow seeds y: green seeds • P: Purple flower p: white flower 1) Cross a homozygous dominant tall and homozygous round seed pea plant with a heterozygous tall and heterozygous round seed pea plant. 2) Cross a pea plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers and homozygous dominant for yellow seeds with a pea plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers and homozygous recessive for green seeds. 3) Cross a pea plant that is short and has green seeds with a pea plant that is heterozygous tall and has heterozygous yellow seeds.
- Mendel crossed peas having round seeds and yellow cotyledons (seed leaves) with peas having wrinkled seeds and green cotyledons. All the F1 plants had round seeds with yellow cotyledons. Diagram this cross through the F2 generation, using both the Punnett square and forked-line, or branch diagram, methods.[ Choose ] The F1 population produced flowers in a 3:1 ration of dominant to recessive traits. The F2 population produced flowers in a 3:1 ration of dominant to recessive traits. Mendel cross-bred F1 plants with F2 plants. Mendel labeled the offspring of the first plants bred F1, for the first filial generation Mendel crossed two identical, true-breeding plants for a particular characteristic. Mendel cross-bred F1 plants with each other. Mendel crossed two contrasting true-breeding plants with two different traits for a given characteristic. Mendel labeled the offspring of the first plants bred F1, for the first flower generation.For all seven characters described in the data of Mendel allowed the F2 plants to self-fertilize. He found that whenF2 plants with recessive traits were crossed to each other, theyalways bred true. However, when F2 plants with dominant traitswere crossed, some bred true but others did not. A summary ofMendel’s results is shown to the right When considering the data in this table, keep in mind that theydescribe the characteristics of the F2 generation parents that haddisplayed a dominant phenotype. These data were deduced byanalyzing the outcome of the F3 generation. Based on Mendel’slaws, explain why the ratios were approximately 1:2
- In'a Mendelian monohybrid cross, the F2 generation consists of 1/4 red-flowered, 1/2 pink-flowered, 1/4 white-flowered individuals. What does this indicate? For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac). 14px A Ix BIUS Paragraph Arial ABC 田 三 x² X2 田用因 Ť {} +]Gregor Mendel examined the inheritance of two traits in pea plants: seed coat texture and colour. Seed coat texture can be represented as S-smooth and s-wrinkled, and seed coat colour can be represented as Y-yellow and y-green. SSYY plants were crossed with ssyy plants to yield F1 pea seeds that were all smooth and all yellow. By crossing plants grown from these F1 seeds, Mendel obtained four different phenotypes of F2 seeds: • smooth and green seeds wrinkled and green seeds smooth and yellow seeds wrinkled and yellow seeds ● Use the following information to answer the next question. ● The F2 phenotypic ratio that Mendel obtained upon crossing two heterozygous smooth and yellow F1 individuals would have been: smooth and green wrinkled and green : smooth and yellow: wrinkled and yellow Record only the numeric values associated with the phenotypes. (Do not include the colons, spaces, commas, etc.)Mendel crossed two Pea plants for plant height and flower color Tall plant (T) is dominant to Short Plant (t). Purple Flower (P) is dominant to white flower (p). Using the following information perform the dihybrid cross using punnett squares that will predict all possible genotypes of the offspring and list the number and description of the phenotypes of the offspring. A. One plant homozygous dominant for plant height and flower color crossed with another plant homozygous recessive for plant height and heterozygous for flower color.
- Mendel's second law states that alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation. Does this law always hold true? If not, explain under what circumstances it does hold true and when or why it does not hold true. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac). BIUS Paragraph Arial 14px ... X? X2 次 TT 田田 ABC 区 - 器,田用日 田用因 Ť {} 田 !!!Mendel crossed Parental true-breeding (homozygous) Purple flowered peas with true-breeding (homozygous) White flowered peas, and all the F1 offspring were Purple flowered. What was the phenotype and genotype of the F1 hybrids? 3/4 purple, PP: 1/4white pp .1/2purple. PP 1/2 whitce pp purple. PA purple Pp 近In this program, you are provided with phenotype pair counts of F2 offspring at two research institutes. The key different between this work and previous work is that now we consider two genes instead of one. The phenotype pairs are the (shape, color) of peas from a pea plant. It turns out that there are two separate genes that code for these phenotypes. We shall call them Shape and Color. Gregor Mendel originally recorded these experiments in green peas. Using the notation: R = Round (dominant) allele at Shape gene; r = Wrinkled (recessive) allele at Shape gene; Y = Yellow (dominant) allele at Color gene; y = Green (recessive) allele at Color gene; then the shape and color of any pea can be determined by studying the genotypes at each gene. It turns out that, when one mates a plant that is homozygous for the dominant alleles (RRYY) with a plant that is homozygous for the recessive alleles (rryy), the F1 generation are heterozygous at both genes, as with a single gene disorder.…