"Leptin is a circulating hormone that is produced by fat cells and plays a role in body metabolism and obesity. It normally binds to receptors in the brain and inhibits appetite. Studies have demonstrated that when obese mice that are leptin deficient are injected with leptin they quickly lose their excess weight. Interestingly, however, many overweight people have high levels of leptin in their bloodstream. Why do you think that the high levels of leptin in obese individuals are insufficient to curb their appetite?" O Paracrine signaling may be disrupted in obese people with high levels of leptin. O Obese people who have high levels of leptin may have a leptin receptor with decreased sensitivity. O The form of leptin released by obese people may lack protein kinase activity. O "In obese people with high levels of leptin, the leptin is a non-functional second messenger."

"Leptin is a circulating hormone that is produced by fat cells and plays a role in body metabolism and obesity. It normally binds to receptors in the brain and inhibits appetite. Studies have demonstrated that when obese mice that are leptin deficient are injected with leptin they quickly lose their excess weight. Interestingly, however, many overweight people have high levels of leptin in their bloodstream. Why do you think that the high levels of leptin in obese individuals are insufficient to curb their appetite?" O Paracrine signaling may be disrupted in obese people with high levels of leptin. O Obese people who have high levels of leptin may have a leptin receptor with decreased sensitivity. O The form of leptin released by obese people may lack protein kinase activity. O "In obese people with high levels of leptin, the leptin is a non-functional second messenger."

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter37: The Endocrine System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2VCQ: Figure 37.11 Pancreatic tumors may cause excess secretion of glucagon. Type I diabetes results from...

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Figure 37.11 Pancreatic tumors may cause excess secretion of glucagon. Type I diabetes results from the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin. Which of the following statement about these two conditions is true? A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will have the opposite effects on blood sugar levels. A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will both cause hyperglycemia. A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will both cause hypoglycemia. Both pancreatic tumors and type I diabetes result in the inability of cells to take up glucose.
Leptin inhibits eating and is secreted in amounts in direct proportion to body fat. Moreover, obese people have normal amounts of leptin and leptin receptor. Why, then, do people become obese?
Many diabetics do not respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors on their cells. How does this aff ect (a) the levels of circulating glucose immediately after a meal and (b) the rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle?
For our patient John with diabetes type II, he can make insulin but his body cells can be resistant to this insulin. Note: activated insulin receptors will activate glucose receptors. John takes a drug called metformin, in conjunction with regulating his diet and exercising. This drug has two main effects. First, it helps reduce hepatic (liver) production of glucose. Second, it helps cells become more sensitive to insulin. Explain how these two effects of metformin can help John.
Why are leptin injections less helpful for most overweight people than for mice with the obese gene?
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by insufficiency of thepancreas to produce enough insulin to regulate the blood sugarlevel. In type I diabetes, the pancreas produces no insulin, andthe patient is totally dependent on insulin from an externalsource to be infused at a rate to maintain blood sugar levelsat normal levels. Hyperglycemia occurs when blood glucoselevel rises much higher than the norm (>8 mmol/L) for pro-longed periods of time; hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar level falls below values of 3 mmol/L. Both situations canbe deleterious to the individual’s health. The normal range ofblood sugar is between 3.8 and 5.6 mmol/L, the target rangefor a controller regulating blood sugar.A patient with type I diabetes needs your help to maintainher blood sugar within an acceptable range (3 mmol/L<glucose<8 mmol/L). She has just eaten a large meal (a disturbance) that you estimate will release glucose accord-ing toD(t)=0.5e−0.05t,wheretis in minutes andD(t)is inmmol/L –…
Which of the following statements about insulin is true? a. Insulin acts as a transport protein, cany in g glucose across the cell membrane. b. Insulin facilitates the movement of inti acellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane. c. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. d. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.
Islet cells in the pancreas are actively synthesizing and secreting insulin into the bloodstream. A scientist purifies different membranous fractions of these islet cells. In which fraction would she find insulin or its intermediates?
The hormone insulin enhances the transport of glucose (sugar) from the blood into most body cells. Its secretion is controlled by a negative-feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the insulin-secreting cells. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct? (a) A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn further lowers blood glucose concentration. (b) An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn lowers blood glucose concentration. (c) A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn increases blood glucose concentration. (d) An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn further increases blood glucose concentration. (e) None of the preceding is correct.
Glucagon facilitates the adaptation of our body to fasting. Which enzymes of glucides (carbohydrates) metabolism are regulated, directly or undirectly, in response to the secretion of glucagon by pancreas?.
Considering the endocrine function of adipose tissue, why is it so hard for people to maintain weight loss? I was thinking from the adipose tissue there is: adiponectin → hormone synthesized by adipose cells → reduce cellular insulin resistance + protects blood vessels from inflammation + atherosclerosis. However, the levels of the hormone are lower in people who are obese. But I'm not sure if that is correct or not.
The most common form of malnutrition in children in the world, kwashiorkor, is caused by a diet having ample calories but little protein. The high levels of carbohydrate result in high levels of insulin. What is the effect of high levels of insulin on (a) lipid utilization? (b) protein metabolism? (c) Children suffering from kwashiorkor often have large distended bellies caused by water from the blood leaking into extracellular spaces. Suggest a biochemical basis for this condition.