In patients with type 2 diabetes, cells no longer respond to the hormone insulin. What change has likely occurred in these cells to make them insulin resistant?
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In patients with type 2 diabetes, cells no longer respond to the hormone insulin. What change has likely occurred in these cells to make them insulin resistant?
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- For our patient John with diabetes type II, he can make insulin but his body cells can be resistant to this insulin. Note: activated insulin receptors will activate glucose receptors. John takes a drug called metformin, in conjunction with regulating his diet and exercising. This drug has two main effects. First, it helps reduce hepatic (liver) production of glucose. Second, it helps cells become more sensitive to insulin. Explain how these two effects of metformin can help John.Why do you suppose individuals with diabetes must receive insulin subcutaneously by injection rather than orally?If we use a normal sodium chloride solution instead of PBS buffer during insulin extraction ,what will happen?
- For our patient John with diabetes type II, he can make insulin but his body cells can be resistant to this insulin. Note: activated insulin receptors will activate glucose receptors. How is John’s diabetes related to the endocrine system?Describe the relationship between Insulin Growth Factor (IGF) and aging. What role does IGF play in the process of Aging and Longevity? How is IGF involved in signaling for this process? Is the signaling by IGF long term signaling or short term signaling with regard to the interactions. Which other molecule(s) might contribute to duration of IGF signaling for this process?Compare and contrast formulation of long acting insulin and short acting insulin. How do their properties help control the rate at which the Delivered insulin enters bloodstream?
- Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland fails to produce adequate amounts crucial hormones. In the early stages, persons suffering from this condition may be asymptomatic. However, chronic hypothyroidism may show signs of paleness. Please explain the physiological reasons for this symptomatology.A researcher is curious whether 30 minutes of daily exercise can decrease the blood glucose levels back to normal in patients with type 2 diabetes. what would be the Control Group of this?How could the origin of endocrine control systems lie in ordinary cellular events? How might the earliest multicellular organisms have evolved some sort of endocrine coordination?
- What types of normal cells typicallyhave insulin receptors?How does insulin resistance lead to failure of the β cells of the pancreas that results in type 2 diabetes?Marianne has type 1 diabetes. One day, after accidentally injecting herself with too much insulin, she starts to shake and feels confused. Following her doctor's suggestion, she drinks a glass of orange juice- a steady source of glucose- and soon her symptoms subside. What caused her symptoms? How would a glucose-rich snack help?