1. What is life? Why are viruses not considered alive by some people? What other things can you think of that are not alive but might be almost alive?
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- 1. Based on the presented properties of life, why are viruses considered non-living? 2. How do plants and animals are alike and are different in terms of ensuring their survival and adaption?2)Life on eath started 4.6 billion years ago 4-5 thousand years old the same age as the first prokaryotes 65 million years old 3) which of the following stement decribes what all menbers of population share? They are geographically isolated from one another They are members of the same species They have identical genes They are temporally isolated from one another 4)During their early stages of development the embryos of reptiles birds and mammals look very similar.this suggest that bird and mamals are no longer undergoing evolution have undergone parallel evolution live in the same types of environments have a common ancestorHow do evidences happening in recent times support Evolutionary ideas?1. COVID virus believe to have evolve from other Respiratory viruses2. Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- 3) It is now 2085 and the world is experiencing another pandemic viral infection. The scientist that discovers the virus, purifies out the genetic information and learns that it has a sequence that is: 26% Cytosine 21% Adenine 28% Uracil and 25% Guanine What sort of genetic information does this new virus have? DNA or RNA? Single or Double Stranded? Explain how you know!4. In the phylogenetic tree shown in figure 1, a) identify the last common ancestor. Hint: you can mark or circle directly on the tree. b) Identify the outgroup. Hint: you can mark or circle directly on the tree or writing it here. 100 Xanthomonas campestris 91 F14UCLA109ALEB30RO1 F14UCLA109ALEB30RO7 74 100 Enterobacter cloacae Streptomyces rishiriensis 100 F14UCLA109ALEB30M11 Flexibacter elegans F14UCLA109ALEB30M5 100 98 Chitinophaga ginsengisegetis Nitrososphaera viennensis Fig. 1: Phylogenetic tree of cultured bacterial isolates of Bambusa oldahamii (a species of bamboo tree) based on 16S FRNA gene. Angeles et al., UCLA, 2015. c) Consider Enterobacter cloacae, Chtitinophaga ginsengisegetis, F14U- CLA109ALEB30M5 and F14UCLA109ALEB30M11. Enterobacter cloacae is more closely related to (Circle/Mark one or write it) A) Chtitinophaga ginsengisegetis B) F14UCLA109ALEB30M5 C) Equally related to both A and B D) F14UCLA 109ALEB30M11 E) Equally related to A, B, and DIt’s late summer and a new influenza virus strain has appeared in chickens across the country.It’s an H1N1 strain of Influenza A, like the Spanish flu that caused one of the deadliest pandemics in humanhistory, back in 1918. In that case too it started as an avian flu that mutated and jumped directly from birdsto humans.You are a researcher at the NIH and the President gives you 24 hours to predict the chances that this couldturn into the next “Spanish flu”. They also ask you to present a plan for a vaccine that will specifically targetthis new strain.The full sequence of the Spanish flu virus is available and is also known which mutations where key toconfer it both high infectivity and high virulence. Also the frequency of mutations of this family of viruses isknown.Samples of the new strain currently infecting chickens are also available to you.You are at the NIH laboratories in Bethesda, MD, and you have infinite resources (equipment and staff) atyour disposal.Remember: Influenza…
- 1. Researchers looking for fossils of the earliest life forms face many hurdles. For example, few sedimentary rocks date back more than 3 billion years. Recall what you learned about plate tectonics. Explain why so few remaining samples of these early rocks remain. 2. The antibiotic penicillin acts by interfering with the production of new bacterial cell walls. Bacteria exposed to penicillin do not die immediately, but they cannot reproduce. Explain why.1. What roles do natural selection and sexual selection play in the evolution of a new virus species? Give an example of this found in nature. 2. List the criteria for the Hardy-Weinberg Equation. Use the Hardy-Weinberg Equation to predict the allele frequency for a population of flowers where p = 0.7 and q = 0.3 3. Explain how natural selection and environmental conditions inside the host could lead to virus speciation.How can horizontal gene transfer influence evolution? Would you be able to detect it using phylogeny? What about horizontal gene transfer makes reading bacterial trees difficult?
- 4. Fill in the table: Step of how life started 1 - evolution of monomers 2- evolution of polymers 3 - evolution of protocells 4- evolution of self- replication system 5 - origin of the first organelles Name Primordial soup Iron-sulfur world Extraterrestrial origin Iron sulfur world Protein first RNA first Nutrition via heterotroph Nutrition via chemoautotroph RNA first Protein first Endosymbiosis DescriptionAccording to the seven characteristics of life (1- composed of one or more cells, 2- compelx and organized, 3- respond to environment, 4- grow, develop, and reproduce, 5- obtain and use energy, 6- mainatin homeostasis, 7- allow for evolutionary adaptation), are viruses alive?You are helping a patient who you think has CJD. They want you to explain how this happened. Which explanation below is NOT correct? O spontaneous misfolding of the normal prion with age O possible transfer of abnormal prions on contaminated surgical instruments O overuse of antibiotics O possible transfer of abnormal prions from blood transfusion O possible transfer of prions through organ transplant O consumption of beef from cattle with BSE Question 65 Below are stens in the evolution/emergenco of vCD