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- Choose the statement that is incorrect. a. Phylogeny helps us study the spread of viruses through human populations. b. DNA barcoding can identify an individual as belonging to a particular species. c. Lineages that are more distantly related have more similarities in the DNA sequence of their genomes. d. Nonconservative amino acid substitutions can cause drastic changes in phenotype.Based on the information from the following table and the provided phylogenetic tree, what kind of species classification is shown? A B C D E F G H 1 J K L M N O Form of Male Genitalia 1 1 L L L L L L L L L L L L L r T Pits) or Tubercles E P P T T T T T P P P P P Р P P O Phenetic Species Concept O Blological Species Concept O Phylogenetic Species Concept O Sympatric Species Concept Blayple (OUTGROUP) beaver Dan, AZ -Twentynine Paime, CA -Harkavilla, UT D-Chilchinbio, NM -Vermilion Cas. AZ 64 -F-Mone Lake, CA -G-Coral Pink Danes, UT H-Pyramid Lake, N -Crescent Dunes, MV Meno Lake CA -K-Olancha CA -Olancha, CA --Winnemucca, NV -El Mirage, CA Lo-Dumont Dunes, CA Form of dorsal ridges M₁ M₁ FFFFFFFFFF M Ma M₂ M₂10. Refer to the figure shown. Species Stripe Color 1 2 3 B. C R The figure shows the phylogeny of seven species of beetles (A-G) and whether the beetles have (?) or do not have (x×) one of three stripes. It also indicates the color of the beetle (R for red and G for green). Based on the phylogenetic tree and the principle of parsimony, the absence of stripe in species is most likely O 1; E and F; an evolutionary reversal O 2; E and F; due to convergent evolution O 2; E and F; a synapomorphy O 1; E and F; a synapomorphy O 1; E andF; due to convergent evolution
- Please help to creating parsimonious treesFor the following DNA sequences determine the most parsimonious phylogeny. Tree ASpecies 1 AATTGCGGGATATATCGCGGGGAAATTTACGACTSpecies 2 AATGTCGGGATATATCGCGGGGAAATTTACGACTSpecies 3 AATTGCGGGATATATCGCGGGGAAATTTACGACT Tree BSpecies 1 AATTGCGGGATATATCGCGGGGAAATTTACGACTSpecies 2 AACTGCGGCATATATCGCGGGGAAATTAACGACTSpecies 3 AAGTGCGCCATATATCGCCCGGATAATTTCGAGA Tree CSpecies 1 CCGTATGACCGGGTATAAATCGCGCCCGGGATCTGCSpecies 2 CCGTATGAGGGGGTATATATCGGGCGCGGGATCTGCSpecies 3 CCGTATGACCGGGTATAAATCGCGCCCGGGATCTGCSpecies 4 CCGTATGAGGGGGTATATATCGGGCGCGGGATCTGC Tree DSpecies 1 GGGATATAGCGCACGATATCGTAGCCTAACGTTTTACGSpecies 2 GGGATATAGCGCACGATATCGTAAGCTAACGTTTTACGSpecies 3 AAAATATAGGCGTGGATATCGTAGCCTAACGTTGCATTSpecies 4 GGGATATACCGCACGTTATCGATCCCTAACGTTTTACG2. A В CDE FG H (a) In the phylogeny above, which of the following groups are monophyletic? (1) A, B, C, and 1 (ii) A, B, C, 1, and 2 (iii) D, G, H, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (iv) E, F, and 3 (v) A, B, C, and 7 (b) For each group above that you did not select, please indicate whether the group is paraphyletic or polyphyletic. (c) Which numbered node corresponds to the most recent common ancestor of B and H?A. Basic Phylogenetic Tree Construction: Create a phylogenetic tree which best represent the data provided: Species Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4 Guinca pir present present albsent present Camel alosent absent present absent Capvbara prescnt present absent present Species Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyne 3 Enzyme 4 Opusurn present presenl pnesent present Plalypus ppresent present pnesent alsennt Chit ken prment atrent ataent atrsent B. Encircle Monophyletic groups that can be found in this tree. Angus cattle White-tailed deer Blue whale Pygmy hippopotamus Extinct Wild boar Mammal Alpaca Based on the phylogenetic tree above, what species is most related to the blue whale?
- Below are phylogenetic trees depicting the relationships among four species, A, B, C, and D. Which of the following statements is correct? ABCD ADCB DCBA D CAB (1) (2) (3) (4) Tree (1) and Tree (2) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (4) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (3) are the same tree. All four trees are in fact the same tree. All four trees are in fact different trees.Qu 33 What inference can be made from the phylogenetic tree? 目 Present Day A E F BD C В Past A O a Species A was probably much larger than any of the other organisms. O b. Species C is the most recent common ancestor of species B and D. O . Species Fand e are more closely related than species B and E O d. Species G is extinct Time G 国 G 口es ne Based on the information in the following table, and the given phylogenetic tree, what kind of species classification is shown? A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Form of Male Genitalia 1 1 L L L L L L L L L L L L L Pits (P) or Tubercles (T) P P T T T T T P P P P P P P P Form of dorsal ridges M₁ M₁ M₂ M₂ M₂ M₂ M₂ M3 M3 M3 M3 M3 M4 M3 M3
- Activity 4. The Cladogram Direction: With the cladogram below as a basis, answer the following questions in the space provided. Skin shields Two Horn moil bogsvih ya Horn owi tarl A hypothetieal cladogram with taxa designated as the letters O, A, B, C, and D. Retrieved from Kardong (2012) Fig. 1. Which is the outgroup here? O, A, B, C, or D? 2. Which is the sister of the group of D? 3. Grouping A, B, and D together (excluding C) creates which kind of grouping? 4. Which taxa share the characteristic of "skin shields"? 5. What characteristic is homologous among A, B, C, and D? 30 6. Write down the taxa that would make a paraphyletic grouping. 7. Write down the taxa that would make a monophyletic grouping. 8. Which characteristic is absent in O but is a homologous characteristic among A, B, C, and D? 9. Which is a unique characteristic present in A, B, and C which is absent in D? 10. Will grouping O, A, B, C, and D create a valid clade?a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes Brown algae Diatoms Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates Cryptophyte algae Red algae Red algae Green algae Euglenids Green algae Chlorarachniophyte algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Land plants Glaucocystophytes Cyanobacteria b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (including land plants) Cryptophyte algae 140000 Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Chlorarachniophyte algae Chloroplast genes relate brown algae, diatoms, most dinoflagellates, and cryptophyte algae to red algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. -Excavates Chloroplast genes relate euglenids and chlorarachniophyte algae to green algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Chloroplasts form a monophyletic group nested within cyanobacteria, providing strong evidence for the…of this =rab or ditions ionary escen- se or 5. Describe two examples of vestigial structures that you can find among the Caminalcules. These are structures that have been reduced to the point that they are virtually useless. Ear muscles and the tail bones are examples of vestigial structures in our own species. Explain how vestigial structures provide clues about a species' evolutionary past. Illustrate your argument with vestigial structures found in humans or other real species.