Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 8.4, Problem 3SB
How are carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle different in C4 plants and CAM plants?
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How do C4 plants improve the efficiency of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle? and What is the net product of the Calvin cycle - the energy input and the products.
Plants have evolved by developing mechanisms that promote entry of CO, into the Calvin Cycle (CC) to limit
photorespiration when environmental conditions tend to favor the latter. This is because photorespiration 1) is
energetically inefficient (consuming more ATP than the CC alone) and 2) it does not produce any sugars that
can be "fed" into cellular respiration to produce lots more ATP.
A) Under what environmental conditions does photorespiration "outcompete" that of the CC? Specifically, what
mechanism is responsible for committing the cell to photorespiration and what type of plant does not have any
"safeguards" to ensure that the CC is performed rather than photorespiration?
B) Describe the mechanisms employed by two types of plants to minimize photorespiration and ensure that the
CC is carried out even when environmental conditions are not in their favor. Be sure to identify 1) the type of
plant, 2) its natural environment and how it affects the plant's ability to perform the CC,…
How does photosystem I reduce NADP+ ?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 8.1 - What are the two stages of photosynthesis?Ch. 8.1 - In which organelle does photosynthesis take place...Ch. 8.2 - What is the difference in function between the...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 8.2 - What is the difference between the linear electron...Ch. 8.3 - What is the reaction that rubisco catalyzes? Why...Ch. 8.3 - How many molecules of carbon dioxide must enter...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 8.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 8.4 - How are carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle...
Ch. 8.5 - How are the reactants and products of...Ch. 8 - An organism exists for long periods by using only...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8 - Which of the following is a correct step in the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 8 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 8 - Which of the following statements about the C4...Ch. 8 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 8 - The oxygen released by photosynthesis comes from:...Ch. 8 - You bite into a spinach leaf. Which one of the...Ch. 8 - Animal metabolism and plant metabolism are related...Ch. 8 - Discuss Concepts Suppose a garden in your...Ch. 8 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 8 - Discuss Concepts Like other accessory pigments,...Ch. 8 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 8 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 8 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 8 - Photosynthesis directly opposes respiration in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 8 - Prob. 3ITDCh. 8 - Prob. 4ITD
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- What special adaptation has evolved in CAM plants such as cacti and stonecrops that allows CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle to occur in the same cell, but still occur separately? Briefly describe how this separation of events works.arrow_forwardWhat are the products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? 1) production of ATP, oxygen, and NADPH O 2) production of ATP, water, and NADH 3) regeneration of NAD+ O 4) Production of G3P and ATP O 5) production of oxygen and NAD+arrow_forwardHow do C4 plants minimize photorespiration? Multiple Choice Stomata are only opened at night, storing carbon dioxide in the stroma. During the day, the carbon dioxide is released for photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is fixed twice in different cells. The Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells where oxygen concentrations are lower. Carbon dioxide is fixed twice in different cells so that carbon dioxide does not come into contact with rubisco. Stomata are only opened at night, storing oxygen in malate. During the day, the oxygen is released for photosynthesis. Stomata are only opened at night, storing carbon dioxide in malate. During the day, the carbon dioxide is released for photosynthesis.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is TRUE about CAM photosynthetic pathway? Compared to the C3 and C4 pathways, CAM photosynthesis results in greater transpiration and water loss. O By separating where carbon is initially fixed inside the leaf tissue, CAM plants can better control the gradient of carbon dioxide between the air and their leaves. CAM photosynthesis is more energy efficient than C3 photosynthesis. Compared to C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways, the rate of CAM photosynthesis is limited.arrow_forwardWhat are the two places where light energy is required in the light reaction of photosynthesis? Why must energy be supplied at precisely these points?arrow_forwardIn the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, what specifically happens in the electron transport chain between Photosystem II and Photosystem I? The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem II is transferred to pheophytin and plastoquinones, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to plastocyanin. Plastocyanin then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem I. The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem I is transferred to pheophytin and plastoquinones, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to plastocyanin. Plastocyanin then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem II. The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem I is transferred to plastocyanin, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to pheophytin and plastoquinones. Plastoquinone then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem II.…arrow_forward
- The Calvin cycle, the "dark reaction" or Carbon fixation reactions of photosynthesis, cannot occur at night in a living plant. Which of the following best describes why this is true? A) The stomata are incapable of opening at night, thus CO2 cannot enter the leaf B) The reactions of the Calvin cycle are dependent on light reactions for high-energy compounds C) Several enxymes necessary for Calvin cycle activity have been degraded during the day and must be replaced D) Light is required to transport the water necessary for the cycle E) Cooler temperatures at night slow enzyme activity and rates of substrate diffusionarrow_forwardWhat is the benefit of Photorespiration in plants and what problem does it pose in many plants?arrow_forwardWhat happens during the carbon fixation stage of the Calvin Cycle (light-indepedent reactions)? Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to form G3P molecules (which can be used to form other organic molecules such as glucose) Oxygen is produced through this process The remaining G3P molecules that have exited the cycle are used to re-form RuBP through a series of chemical reactions, so that the Calvin cycle can continue. The enzyme Rubisco attaches to RuBP, causing the formation of molecules of 3-phosphoglyceratearrow_forward
- What is so special about thylakoid membranes (and chloroplasts in general) that allow it to be the site for photosynthetic activity in plants?arrow_forwardWhat are the light-dependent changes in the stroma that regulate the Calvin cycle?arrow_forwardHow is the excited state energy of a chlorophyll molecule used to drive the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?arrow_forward
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