Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 4, Problem 7aCP
Summary Introduction
To review:
1. The coupled oxidation-reduction reaction using X-H2 and Y symbols.
2. The molecule which is reduced and the one which is oxidized along with reducing agent as well as oxidizing agent.
Introduction:
The reactions that involve the flow of electrons are called
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When grown anaerobically on glucose, yeast (S. cerevisiae) converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde, then reduces acetaldehyde to
Pethanol using electrons from NADH.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction that reduces acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) to ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
The table provides the standard reduction potential, E', of the relevant half-reactions.
Half-reaction
Acetaldehyde + 2 H+ + 2e¯ → ethanol
NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e¯ → NADH + H+
E'° (V)
-.197
-.320
Calculate the equilibrium constant, K'eq, at 25.0 °C for the reaction that reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol.
K'e
×10
=
eq
Write a balanced equation for the complete metabolic oxidation of each of the following. Include O2, ADP, and Pi as reactants and ATP, CO2, and H2O as products.
(a) Stearic acid
(b) Oleic acid
(c) Palmitic acid
(d) Linoleic acid
Determine whether or not reaction is a redox reaction. For each redox reaction, identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.
HBr(aq) + KOH(aq)--------> H2O(l) + KBr(aq)
Chapter 4 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 4 - Use the lock-and-key model to explain how enzymes...Ch. 4 - Explain how enzymes are named, and the nature of...Ch. 4 - Draw graphs to represent the effects of changes in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4CPCh. 4 - Prob. 5aCPCh. 4 - Prob. 5bCPCh. 4 - Prob. 5cCPCh. 4 - Prob. 6aCPCh. 4 - Define the terms exergonic reaction and endergonic...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7aCP
Ch. 4 - Prob. 7bCPCh. 4 - Which of these statements about enzymes is...Ch. 4 - Which of these statements about enzyme-catalyzed...Ch. 4 - Which of these statements about lactate...Ch. 4 - In a metabolic pathway, a. the product of one...Ch. 4 - In an inborn error of metabolism,
a. a genetic...Ch. 4 - Which of these represents an endergonic...Ch. 4 - Which of these statements about ATP is true? a....Ch. 4 - When oxygen is combined with 2 hydrogens to make...Ch. 4 - Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions...Ch. 4 - According to the law of mass action, which of...Ch. 4 - Explain the relationship between an enzyme's...Ch. 4 - Explain how the rate of enzymatic reactions may be...Ch. 4 - Explain how end-product inhibition represents a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 14RACh. 4 - The coenzymes NAD and FAD can "shuttle" hydrogens...Ch. 4 - Prob. 16RACh. 4 - Why do we need to eat food containing niacin and...Ch. 4 - Metabolic pathways can be likened to intersecting...Ch. 4 - Prob. 19RACh. 4 - Suppose you come across a bottle of enzyme tablets...Ch. 4 - Describe the energy transformations that occur...Ch. 4 - Use the reversible reactions involving the...Ch. 4 - Use the graph here and in figure 4.4 to answer the...Ch. 4 - Use the graph here and in figure 4.4 to answer the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 25RACh. 4 - Prob. 26RACh. 4 - Prob. 27RA
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- Indicate whether each of the following changes represents oxidation or reduction. Write: O = for oxidation ; R= for reduction Example: cyt ci (Fet) → cyt c1 (Fe2+) Answer: R Blank #1: COQH2 → CoQ Blank #2: NAD+ - NADH Blank #3: FMN → FMNH2 Blank # 4: FADH2 FAD Blank #5: Fe(III) SP → Fe(II) SP Blank # 1 Blank # 2arrow_forwardThe redox half reaction Oxaloacetate + 2H+ + 2e− → Malate has a standard reduction potential value of 0.166 V. Calculate the free energy (ΔG°′) for the following reaction: Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+arrow_forwardFor a Michaelis-Menten reaction, k₁=5 x 107/M-s, k-1-2 x 104/s, and k2=4 x 10²/s. Calculate the Ks and KM for this reaction. Does substrate binding achieve equilibrium or steady state?arrow_forward
- With regard to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme reaction:a) Write the mechanism of the reaction.b) What two enzyme intermediates are involved? One undergoes an oxidation-reduction step.What is oxidized and what is reduced? How are the electrons transferred? The secondintermediate has some different chemistry than usual esters. Comment.c) What factors are operating here to bring about the catalysis that this enzyme carries out?d) The product of this reaction is “rather special”. Commentarrow_forwardUnder standard conditions, will the following reaction proceed spontaneously as written? Fumarate + NADH + H+⇌ succinate + NAD+arrow_forwardRefer to the figure shown here, and determine the value of E for the overall oxidation/reduction reaction (refer to the book/lecture slides if you need help with the overall reaction). 121/202 + 2H+ + 2e → H₂0 NAD + H* + 2e → NADH O-1.136 volts O 0.496 volts O+1.136 volts voltsm -0.496 volts EU (volts) +0.816 - 0.320arrow_forward
- Shown below are reduction potentials for four half-reactions. Which of the coupled reactions is favorable? (Note that for Cytochrome c you must multiply the reduction potential by 2 for each coupled reaction because only one electron is involved) a) 2 Cytochrome c (Fe3+) + H2O ó 2 Cytochrome c (Fe2+) + O2 b) NADH + Succinate- ó NAD+ + Fumarate- c) Fumarate- + H2O ó Succinate- + O2 d) All of the abovearrow_forwardRefer to the figure shown here, and determine the value of E for the overall oxidation/reduction reaction (refer to the book/lecture slides if you need help with the overall reaction). 11/12102 + 2H* + 2e¯ → H₂0 NAD + H* + 2e → NADH O-1.136 volts 0.496 volts +1.136 volts -0.496 volts EU (volts) – 0.320arrow_forwardexplain in quantitative terms the circumstances under which the following reaction can porceed; L-malate + NAD+ (forward arrow) oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ delta G' standard = +29.7 KJ/molarrow_forward
- Example: Oxidation of ethanol by NAD+ in the presence catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase Calculate the standard free energy change for the reaction below: Ethanol + NAD* 2 acetaldehydye + NADH + H*arrow_forwardComplete the balanced equation for the overall reaction by selecting an answer choice in the brackets. Sucrose + [2 Pi, 4Pi]+[4 ADP, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2ATP]+[2 NAD+, 4 NAD+, 6 NAD+]+[H2O, 5 H2O, 3 H2O] --> [2 cirate, 2 oxaloacetate, 2 pyruvate, 2 acetyl-coA]+[4 ADP, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2ATP] + [2 NAD+, 4 NAD+, 6 NAD+] + [2H+, 8H+, 6 H+, 4 H+, 10 H+] Does the commercial process require aerated culture medium—that is, is this a fermentation or an aerobic process? A. a fermentation process, because A. niger cells must use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ B. an aerobic process, because A. niger cells must use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ C. a fermentation process, because A. niger cells cannot use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ D. an aerobic process, because A. niger cells cannot use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+arrow_forwardIn the oxidation reduction reactions identify what is being oxidized and what is being reduced.arrow_forward
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