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In organic molecules made of chains of subunits, each subunit is called a(n)____, and the chains are called____. Carbohydrates consisting of long chains of sugars are called_______. These sugar chains can be broken down by_____ reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are______,______, and __________. Three examples of disaccharides are _____,_____, and_____.LO2 LO3
To review:
The given blank space in the statement, “In organic molecule is made up of chains of subunits and each subunit is called a(n) _____, and the chains are called _____. Carbohydrate consisting of long chains of sugars are called _____. These sugar chains can be broken down by ______ reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are ____, _____, and _____. Three examples of disaccharides are _______, ______, and _______.”
Introduction:
All the biological components are made up of different types of organic molecule. These are the molecules, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, and andoxygen as their key atoms. These molecules are found in different spatial arrangement and conformation. Carbohydrates are the richest source of energy. These are capable of storing energy in the organism.
Explanation of Solution
The monomer is a smallest and basic unit of a macromolecule. Its repeating units form a long chain of the polymer. This process is known as polymerization and is achieved by a condensation reaction. In case of carbohydrates, the monomeric unit is called monosaccharide. These monosaccharide units when repeated in an array, results in the formation of a long chain of the molecule called polymer. This helps in the formation of the macromolecule. These can be further broken down to get the smallest units of the molecule.
When two monosaccharides (monomer) are joined together by glycosidic linkage, they result in the formation of disaccharides. They can be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are the common examples of disaccharides. Sucrose is made up of fructose and glucose. Maltose is made up of two glucose units and lactose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose.
When several monosaccharides join together by the glycosidic bonds, they form polysaccharides. Thus, the polysaccharide is a polymeric unit of carbohydrates. These may be soluble or insoluble in water. Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
Starchis along polymeric chain of carbohydrate produced by green plants. It is one of the stored energy components of plants. Structurally, it consists of linear amylose unit and highly branched amylopectin units. Its pure form is insoluble in cold water and alcohol. Amylase is an enzyme, which degrades it into smaller units.
Chitin is a longpolymeric chain of glucose. Chitin is a very important component for the production of the cell wall in fungi and exoskeleton in arthropods. The structure of chitin produces crystalline whiskers, which act as an insulated covering.
Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose. Glycogen is the major energy storing unit of animals, humans, and fungi. Branches of this polysaccharide are joined by alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond. The energy stored in the form of glycogen is present in liver, skeletal muscles, or adipose tissues in a hydrated form.
The hydrolysis reaction is characterized by the breaking ofmacromolecules (polysaccharides) into their subunits in presence of water. In this reaction, hydrogen ion of water is donated to one subunit, while hydroxyl ion is donated to another.
In organic molecule made up of chains of subunits and each subunit is called a(n) monomer, and the chains are called polymer. Carbohydrate consisting of long chains of sugars are called polysaccharides. These sugar chains can be broken down by hydrolysis reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are starch, chitin, and glycogen. Three examples of disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth
- Biomolecules: What are the building blocks of life? From the smallest single-celled organism to the tallest tree, all life depends on the properties and reactions of four classes of organic (carbon-based) compounds-carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins are the 3 building blocks of all living things that we will focus on in this unit. These are called macromolecules (or biomolecules) because they are large molecules. They are responsible for most of the body's structure and functions, including energy storage, insulation, growth, repair, and communication. Simple organic molecules can be joined together to form all the essential biological molecules needed for life. Table 1 shows a sample elephant diet and Table 2 shows a sample lion diet. Using the background information, predict the main function of the macromolecules in their diet. Table 1 Elephant proteins (5) fats (%) alfalfa hay 19.0 grass hay timothy hay Proteins Carbohydratesβ¦arrow_forwardDescribe two conditions when it is more advantageous to use carbohydrates as a metabolic fuel rather than lipids, and explain why . Why might lipids be more advantageous under the opposite condition?arrow_forwardThe symbol for the fatty acid below is ________________: ________________, n-____________________. CH3(CH2)2(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)4COOH (This is a multiple blank question, e.g. for 12:1, n-3 you would enter 12, 1, and 3.)arrow_forward
- Simplified diagrams of macromolecules are given. What is the function of the molecule of diagram C? ΠΎΡ-Ρ-Ρ-Ρ-Ρ-Ρ Π-Ρ-Ρ-Ρ-Π‘-Π‘-Ρ Π±-Ρ-Ρ-Ρ-Ρ-Π‘-Π‘ (d) (c) A Store energy for future use. B Carry genetic information. C Act as an enzyme in chemical reactions. D Provide "quick energy' for cells. C)arrow_forwardx * x A () lipids: fatty acids and glycerol proteins: amino acids carbohydrates: disaccharides H Hα» D carbohydrates: monosaccharides E nucleic acids: nucleotides CHβOH H OH H Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form other biomolecules. The picture above shows sucrose, a disaccharide used to form larger biomolecules. Biomolecules are all made of smaller units called monomers. Examine the list of biomolecules below. Select ALL of the choices that correctly pair the biomolecule with its monomer. QH H H OH Y CHβOH 0 Q CHβOH H HO OH H H 5 of 10 32arrow_forwardChoose all that apply. This molecule is O || O-P-O-P-O-P-O- 0 O a lipid Oβ’ one of the building blocks of protein a nucleotide triphosphate ATP one of the building blocks of RNA a protein Oβ’ one of the building blocks of DNA a nucleic acid a carbohydrate the energy currency of the cell an amino acid OIPIO ΠΎ Oβ’ N HβN OH OH N Narrow_forward
- You may want to have your macromolecules/biomolecules packet to help with this question.Β The image above illustrates the action of the enzyme found in Beano. This enzyme is known as alpha-galactosidase. As hopefully you recall the alpha refers to the first part of a large molecule. The large molecule on the left would be an example of a _____ , since it contains many glycosidic bonds between three monomers that contain hydroxyls, aldehydes, and ketones.Β As it says in the enzyme name as well it produces the monomer pictured all the way to the right which is known asΒ ______ (Hint: notice how the hydroxyl is located on the 3rd and 4th carbons).Β Alpha-galactosidase, from the reaction pictured above causes a _______ type of reaction which creates smaller molecules. The other product of the reaction, besides the monomer all the way to the right, is the dimer or a _______which is composed of a monomer of the aldose ________ and the ketoseΒ _______. LIST OF ANSWERS :riboseΒ polypeptideβ¦arrow_forwardCH,OH CH,OH CH,OH H. OH CH2OH CH2OH HOH2C H. Π½ΠΎ OH H. H H. OH HΓ H OH H HO H. OH Π½ΠΎ CH,OH OH H H ΓH ΓH H H H OH H ΓH H 1 Choose any/all that apply to the above images of disaccharides. All three pictured disaccharides are reducing sugars. All three pictured disaccharides contain at least one molecule of galactose, but only image 1 contains fructose. All three pictured disaccharides contain at least one molecule of glucose, but only image 1 contains a furanose. All three pictured disaccharides contain a 1,3 glycosidic linkage All three pictured disaccharides contain at least one molecule of glucose, but only image 2 contains galactose. All three pictured disaccharides can be used as building blocks of glycogen. All three pictured disaccharides contain at least one molecule of glucose, but only image I contains fructose.arrow_forwardFats have the most potential energy of all the biomolecules because they have the most ___________________ atoms associated with ___________________ atoms. Your answer should consist of the first blank word with a comma and a space between them. For example: black, whitearrow_forward
- Which statement about the glycoprotein shown below is true? OH CHβOH OH HN HN-C =0 CH3 Hβ Protein CH N-H Protein It contains a deoxyribose sugar that could be metabolized by human enzymes. O The monosaccharide is attached to the protein via nitrogen in a residue's a-amine. It contains a ribose sugar that could not be metabolized by human enzymes. The monosaccharide is attached to the protein via nitrogen in a residue's side chain.arrow_forwardIf a lipid has a fatty acid chain with a double bond in it, it is said to be...arrow_forwardName four classes of small biomolecules. In what larger molecules are they found? recognized as sources of metabolic energy. What are the two other critical roles that carbohydrates play in living organisms?arrow_forward
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