Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134015187
Author: John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 28, Problem 28.40AP
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The three membrane-bound proteins involved in the transmission of epinephrine message across the cell membrane have to be named.
Concept Introduction:
- Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.
- Epinephrine: Epinephrine is a hormone which is also called adrenaline. It is released when we have to respond immediately during a danger and hence is called fight-or-flight hormone. It increases the blood pressure, glucose level and heart rate of the body
- There are three proteins which are involved in the releasing of a hormone signal. They are receptor, G protein and an enzyme
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Place the following events in the proper order to describe the production of a second messenger from a G-protein.
1. Dissociation of G alpha from the beta and gamma subunits in the G protein complex
2. Ligand interaction with the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
3. Recruitment of a G protein to the GPCR and replacement of GDP with GTP on the G alpha subunit
4. Conformational change in the G alpha a subunit causing a decreased affinity for the beta and gamma subunits
5. Activation of an effector, such as adenylyl cyclase to make CAMP, by the active G alpha subunit
OA. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3
OB. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
OC-3, 2, 1, 5, 4
OD. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
OE. 2, 3, 4, 1,5
QUESTION 17
Kinases are essential in the cell because they directly
OA.
destroy IP3, turning off that signaling pathway.
OB. phosphorylate proteins to cause conformational changes that change their activity.
OC.
directly activate translation.
O D
bind hydrophobic hormones in the cytoplasm to activate them.
O E.
bind and release calcium…
name and describe the isoforms of the leptin receptor.
Please identify the incorrect statement about hormone signaling:
A) Cystolic receptors bind to hydophobic hormones and transport them into the nucleus where they directly influence protein synthesis.
B) Hydropholic hormones cannot pass through the plasma membrane without help. Therefore, there are transport proteins that carry the hydrophillic hormones to the cytosol where it can bind its receptor
C) Hydrophilic hormone signalling involves membrane receptors that have the ability to activate adenylyl cyclase, producing cAMP. cAMP then affects the activity of numerous proteins in the cytoplam.
D) Hydrophobic hormones easily enter the plasma membrane. Therefore, there is no need for hydrophinic hormone receptors to be on the extracellular surface.
Chapter 28 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
Ch. 28.1 - While thinking about how a messenger molecule and...Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 28.2PCh. 28.2 - Prob. 28.3PCh. 28.2 - Prob. 28.4PCh. 28.3 - Prob. 28.5PCh. 28.3 - Prob. 28.6KCPCh. 28.4 - Prob. 28.7PCh. 28.4 - Look at the structure of thyroxine shown earlier...Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.1CIAPCh. 28.4 - Prob. 28.2CIAP
Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.9PCh. 28.5 - Prob. 25.10PCh. 28.6 - Prob. 28.11PCh. 28.6 - Prob. 28.12PCh. 28.6 - Prob. 28.13KCPCh. 28.7 - Identify the functional groups present in THC. Is...Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 28.15KCPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.16UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.17UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.18UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.19UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.20UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.21UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.22APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.23APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.24APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.25APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.26APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.27APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.28APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.29APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.30APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.31APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.32APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.34APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.35APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.36APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.37APCh. 28 - How does epinephrine reach its target tissues?Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.39APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.40APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.41APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.42APCh. 28 - What enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of the second...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.44APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.45APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.46APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.47APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.48APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.49APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.50APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.51APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.52APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.53APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.54APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.55APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.56APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.57APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.58APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.59APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.60APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.62APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.63APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.64APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.65APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.66APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.67APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.68APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.69APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.70APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.71APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.72APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.73APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.74APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.75APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.76APCh. 28 - Why do we have brain receptors that respond to...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.78APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.79APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.80APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.81APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.82APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.83CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.84CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.85CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.86CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.87CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.88CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.89CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.90CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.91CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.92CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.93CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.94GPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.95GP
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- One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below: 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding to proteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins. 3) Which of the proteins demonstrate the tightest/strongest binding of the hormone? Which demonstrates the least tight binding of the hormone? What is the basis for your answer?arrow_forwardIdentify the structure highlighted in green: Epinephrine receptor ACh receptor Norepinephrine receptorarrow_forwardWhat are G-protein coupled receptors? How does ligand binding activates GPCR (include in your answer, the types of G-proteins and the second messenger systems involved in the translation of a pharmacological response when a ligand binds to GPCR)?arrow_forward
- What are the two general possible signaling pathways follow after a G-protein coupled receptor binds to its ligand molecules involved that can listarrow_forwardGTPYS is a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP. Suppose this compound were added to a cell-free system containing active components of an adrenergic signaling system. What consequences would you expect? What would be the effects on CAMP levels? || -0-P-o-P-0-P-o-CH, guanine он он GTPYS -arrow_forwardOne such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding toproteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.arrow_forward
- Label the correct steps in G-protein S signaling.arrow_forwardExplain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone: a mutation in the regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, making R incapable of binding to the catalytic (C) subunitarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true? Question 2 options: a) All cells will respond to the hormonal signal because hormones are broadcast throughout the body. b) The regulation of inflammatory responses at the site of an infection is an example of paracrine signaling. c) Paracrine signaling involves the secretion of stimuli into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the organism. d) The axons of neurons typically signal target cells using membrane-bound signaling molecules that act on receptors in the target cells.arrow_forward
- GTPγS is a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP. Suppose this compound were added to a cell-free system containing active components of an adrenergic signaling system. What consequences would you expect? What would be the effects on cAMP levels?arrow_forwardIn a hypothetical cAMP-mediated signal transduction cascade, the GTP-αs/adenylate cyclase interaction following a single hormone–receptor binding event lasts for 2.3 seconds. The catalytic rate (turnover number) for the adenylate cyclase in question is 350 cAMP molecules produced per second. How many cAMP molecules would be produced if five hormone-receptor binding events were to occur before the hormone molecule dissipates in the bloodstream? What is the amplification effect of this step in the signaling pathway?arrow_forwardTrace in a stepwise manner the signaling pathway that involves a g-protein receptor leading to the release of intracellular calcium. Specify what class of hormones would be involved in this pathway.arrow_forward
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