Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393614008
Author: Clark Spencer Larsen
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 2, Problem 2ER
Summary Introduction
To explain: How the idea of hypothesis that the characteristics of the father and mother are intermingled in the offspring called at that time prior to discoveries of Gregor Mendel.
Introduction: Natural selection of an organism depends upon the challenges faced by them for survival. The process by which the heritable trait of an organism differs or changes over successive generations is called evolution. The mechanism of inheritance explained by Charles Darwin insisted on the characteristic features of progeny obtained from their parents.
Summary Introduction
To explain: How the idea of hypothesis that the characteristics of the father and mother are intermingled in the offspring was proved wrong.
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List Mendel’s conclusions from his experiments. How do the conclusions relate to what is known today in the field of genetics?
Gregor Johann Mendel carried out experiments with pea plants that demonstrated how certain physical traits were passed down from one generation to the next in a predictable pattern. He introduced the concepts of dominant and recessive traits and established fundamental laws of inheritance for what is known as Mendelian Genetics. A trait can be inherited when each parent passes down one copy of a gene. Different versions of the same gene are known as alleles. Both gene copies are an organism’s genotype, and the physical expression of those genes is a phenotype.
1. Explain one of the three laws of inheritance proposed by Mendelian genetics.
Mendelian inheritance can be visualized using Punnett squares. The first row and column represent the parental alleles, while the squares predict the possible combination of alleles of the resulting offspring. Dominant alleles are indicated by uppercase letters while recessive alleles are indicated by lowercase letters. The combination of alleles in…
How did Mendel’s experiments contributed to the study of genetics?
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- A family from coastal Africa recently moved to Canada. Soon after the move, their 6-month-old baby starts napping more frequently and often cries as if in pain. Concerned, the parents take their baby to a pediatrician, who diagnoses the baby with Sickle Cell Disease. The parents are astonished; neither has Sickle Cell Disease nor do their parents or siblings. How could this be possible? Use your knowledge of Mendelian Genetics and patterns of Inheritance to explain how this baby has Sickle Cell Disease when neither parent exhibits this disease phenotype. What term(s) could be used to describe the genotype of the baby's parents? What term(s) could be used to describe the genotype of the baby with Sickle Cell Disease?arrow_forwardMendel’s experiments relied on VERY specific properties of pea plants in order to achieve the results. I) What were the properties of his pea plants that made them conducive to his experiments and ii) with what organism do you think we could recreate his experiments that is not a pea plant (what other model organism might work to study what Mendel did)?arrow_forwardWhen Mendel did his experiments, it was the case that the genes for each trait were on separate pairs of homologous chromosomes. For example, the genes for pod color were on one pair of chromosomes and the genes for the seed coat were on a different pair of chromosomes. What if the genes for the two traits were on the same chromosome? (That is, if the gene for pod color was on the same chromosome as the gene for seed coat.) Would Mendel’s 2nd Law still hold? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- what is the blending theory of inheritance? A)Mendel's theory of how the traits of parents are passed to offspring through the gametes B)an old theory that said that offspring show traits intermediate between those of parents.C)the modern theory of how genetic information is passed from parents to offspringD)Darwin's theory of how traits are passed from all parts of the parent's body into the gamete to be transmitted to the offspringarrow_forwardWhen Gregor Mendel first proposed his theories on genetics, they were not recognized. This was because: A. Charles Darwin didn't agree with Gregor Mendel's theories. B. The current theory was that traits from parents blended together in their offspring. C. Gregor Mendel proposed that individuals could change their physical traits during their lifetime and pass those new traits on to their offspring. D. Scientists believed there were 5 nucleotide bases, not 4 nucleotide bases.arrow_forwardDarwin’s insights into the role of selection in evolution began with close observations of the enormous phenotypic variation among different pure-breeding varieties of domesticated pigeons. Study of varieties found in any domesticated species could provide similar insights. For comparison, we’d like to know what degree of phenotypic variation might be expected among the domesticated peas available to Mendel.d. In the F10 generation from the above hybrid, how many phenotypically distinguishable pure-breeding varieties could be observed? [part c was 2187]e. [Note: this one requires use of combinations; it is also a significantly more difficult problem.] Mendel began his work with pairs of varieties from the breeders that differed from each other in just one trait (corresponding to one gene difference, as we now know) out of the 7 traits he studied. These pairs could be obtained by self-pollinating an individual from an advanced generation that was pure-breeding for 6 of the traits but…arrow_forward
- Shortly after the rediscovery of Mendel’s pea plant experiments, biologists began investigating whether Mendel’s laws applied to other species, as well. In England, a debate broke out about whether the color of racehorses might be governed by Mendel’s laws. Using the British Jockey Club registry of racehorse pedigrees, biologists made the following observations: A chestnut (red) stallion, when bred to chestnut mares, always produced chestnut foals. Certain black stallions, when bred to chestnut mares, produced only black foals. Other black stallions, when bred to chestnut mares, produced a mix of black foals and chestnut foals. Based on the observations described above, which color is dominant and which is recessive in the racehorses? Group of answer choices they show incomplete dominance Black; Chestnut Mix of black and chestnut is dominant (hybrid). Neither color is dominant (codominance). Chestnut, Blackarrow_forwardMendel, the father of genetics, was a careful researcher who studied the inheritance of certain traits in garden peas. Which of the following was NOT part of Mendel's research strategies? A.) He crossed true-breeding (self pollinating) pea plants. B.) He allowed eggs to be fertilized ONLY by self pollination. C.) He analyzed his data mathematically. B.) He controlled variables by studying 1 or 2 traits at a time.arrow_forwardMendel describes subjecting each of the 34 varieties of peas he obtained to a two-year trial. During this time he let the plants self-fertilize and observed their offspring. What was he looking for, and what was the purpose of doing this two-year trial? Explain what Mendel means when he writes that the 3:1 ratio observed in the first generation from the hybrids "resolves itself" into a ratio of 2:1:1arrow_forward
- You are studying a new allele of the yellow gene in pea plants (the gene that in Mendel’s experiments gave green peas with the yy allele combination). You refer to this new allele as y2. When you look at y2y2 homozygotes, you find that 80% of the peas are some shade of green and of these green peas 50% of them are the same full green shade as Mendel’s original yy allele and 50% of them are a shade that is halfway between yellow and green. Discuss these properties in terms of expressivity and penetrance.”arrow_forwardDarwin’s insights into the role of selection in evolution began with close observations of the enormous phenotypic variation among different pure-breeding varieties of domesticated pigeons. Study of varieties found in any domesticated species could provide similar insights. For comparison, we’d like to know what degree of phenotypic variation might be expected among the domesticated peas available to Mendel.a. Starting with an F1 hybrid heterozygous for phenotypically distinguishable allele pairs (one of which is completely dominant to the other) at 7 genes, how many different phenotypes would be expected in the F2 generation?b. It might take a large number of F2 individuals to observe all of these phenotypic combinations, depending on the frequency of the rarest phenotype. What is the expected rarest phenotype and what it its expected frequency among the F2 individuals?c. How many different phenotypes could have been observed in the F2 generation if all of the allele pairs of the 7…arrow_forwardFor which reasons, early human geneticists were slow to accept Mendelian analysis?arrow_forward
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