Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 19, Problem 19RQ
In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm?
- It increases.
- It decreases.
- It remains constant.
- There is no way to predict.
Expert Solution & Answer
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Why is resting heart rate somewhat slower than the 80–100 bpm set by the SA node?
The AV bundle branches slow the heart rate down.
Sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine to slow heart rate.
The AV node slows the heart to an average between its own rate and that of the SA node.
Parasympathetic effects dominate in a resting individual
The Effects of Lifestyle, Sex & Genetics on Blood Pressure
Many things might affect heart rate, including the physical fitness of the individual, the presence of drugs such as caffeine or nicotine in the blood, and the age of the person.
Heart rate and blood pressure work together to ensure that blood reaches cells at a rate that is sufficient to supply nutrients and remove waste products. If one variable decreases the other will increase to maintain this balance. For example, if the body detects a drop in blood pressure, it will help to correct this imbalance by increasing heart rate until the body can adjust blood pressure by other methods.
Watch these videos to learn the terminology and science of blood pressure along with how to take a proper blood pressure reading.
https://www.ausmed.com/cpd/articles/how-to-take-blood-pressure
When a person is well hydrated and healthy the body can make these adjustments without you ever being aware. But, if a person is dehydrated, taking…
Which of the following factors does not directly affect cardiac output?
the volume of blood ejected with each contraction
the stroke volume
the rate of heart contraction
resistance in the vasculature
Chapter 19 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 19 - Visit this site...Ch. 19 - Which of the following is not important in...Ch. 19 - Which valve separates the left atrium from the...Ch. 19 - Which of the following lists the valves in the...Ch. 19 - Which chamber initially receives blood from the...Ch. 19 - The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to...Ch. 19 - The myocardium would be the thickest in the...Ch. 19 - In which septum is it normal to find openings in...Ch. 19 - Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle...Ch. 19 - The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau...
Ch. 19 - Which portion of the ECG corresponds to...Ch. 19 - Which component of the heart conduction system...Ch. 19 - The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct...Ch. 19 - Most blood enters the ventricle during ________....Ch. 19 - The first heart sound represents which portion of...Ch. 19 - Ventricular relaxation immediately follows...Ch. 19 - The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is...Ch. 19 - The cardiovascular centers are located in which...Ch. 19 - In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac...Ch. 19 - What happens to preload when there is venous...Ch. 19 - Which of the following is a positive inotrope? Na+...Ch. 19 - The earliest organ to form and begin function...Ch. 19 - Of the three germ layers that give rise to all...Ch. 19 - The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the...Ch. 19 - Which primitive area of the heart will give rise...Ch. 19 - The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from...Ch. 19 - Describe how the valves keep the blood moving in...Ch. 19 - Why is the pressure in the pulmonary circulation...Ch. 19 - Why is the plateau phase so critical to cardiac...Ch. 19 - How does the delay of the impulse at the...Ch. 19 - How do gap junctions and intercalated disks aid...Ch. 19 - Why do the cardiac muscles cells demonstrate...Ch. 19 - Describe one cardiac cycle, beginning with both...Ch. 19 - Why does increasing EDV increase contractility?Ch. 19 - Why is afterload important to cardiac function?Ch. 19 - Why is it so important for the human heart to...Ch. 19 - Describe how the major pumping chambers, the...
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- _____ contraction drives blood through the systemic and pulmonary circuits; outside the heart, blood pressure is highest in the _____. a. Atrial; ventricles b. Atrial; atria c. Ventricular; arteries d. Ventricular; aortaarrow_forwardDays with low heart rate variability indicate that your nervous system is relaxed and ready to handle new challenges. True or False?arrow_forwardcardiac output drops, then A and B • A and C Blood flow must decrease Blood flow must increase The product of the heart rate and stroke volume decreasesarrow_forward
- What is occurring during ventricular ejection ? The AV valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open as blood is leaving the ventricles . The AV valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed as ventricular pressure is . increasing The AV valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed as blood is leaving the ventricles . The AV and semilunar valves are closed as ventricular pressure is increasing .arrow_forwardAn increase in heart rate leads to a increase in arterial pressure leads to a in end diastolic volume, and an in end systolic volume. decrease, decrease decrease, increase increase, decrease increase, increasearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.arrow_forward
- An individual presents with cardiac tamponade. Their heart would be the most efficient in pumping out blood during which of the following?arrow_forwardThe Centre for heart beat control is located in the medulla oblongata. True/False. Correct, if false.arrow_forwardAs a result of heart failure, compensatory mechanisms become activated and ultimately lead to further harmful consequences in the long term. Which of the following is NOT one such compensatory mechanism? O Baroreceptor-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system that leads to increased heart rate and contractility The activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that leads to increased blood pressure increased cardiac preload A reduction in both heart rate and blood pressure O Myocardial hypertrophy resulting in the thickening of the ventricular wallarrow_forward
- Based on the concentration gradient of sodium, potassium, and calcium in cardiac myocytes, which of the following applies to the process of depolarization? Select one: Sodium moves out of the cell. Calcium and sodium move out of the cell. Sodium and calcium move into the cell. Sodium and potassium move out of the cell. Potassium and calcium move into the cell.arrow_forwardWhat is the effect of high blood pressure on cardiac output? > View Available Hint(s) High blood pressure reduces afterload, thereby increasing cardiac output (CO). O High blood pressure increases afterload and reduces cardiac output (CO). High blood pressure increases preload and ventricular filling, thereby increasing cardiac output (CO). High blood pressure occurs only when the cardiac output is already very high. owerarrow_forwardAll valves are closed, ventricular pressure decreases. Blood flows passively through the atria and AV valves. All valves are closed; ventricular pressure increases. Blood is forced through the semilunar valves by high pressure. Receiving chamber pressure increases; more blood exits through AV valves. Left atrium: Right atrium- Left ventricle Right ventricle- Ventricular filling Atrial contraction Mid-to-late diastole (ventricular filling) Isovolumetric Ventricular contraction phase ejection phase Ventricular systole (atria in diastole) Isovolumetric relaxation 3 Early diastolearrow_forward
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