Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: For the following reaction, identify the substances that is oxidized, the substance that is reduced, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent.
Concept Introduction: In an oxidation reaction the oxidation number of the element increase or becomes more positive. In a reduction reaction the oxidation number of the element decrease or becomes more negative.
The rules for assigning oxidation number to elements are:
- For an element in its free state it is assigned an oxidation number of zero.
- Monatomic ions have oxidation number that is equal to charge of the monatomic ion.
- Alkali metals have +1 oxidation number, alkaline earth metals have +2 oxidation number and halogens are assigned -1 oxidation number.
- In most compounds H is assigned a +1 oxidation number and O is assigned a -2 oxidation number.
- For a neutral compound the summation of oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero.
(b)
Interpretation: For the following reaction, identify the substances that is oxidized, the substance that is reduced, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent.
Concept Introduction: In an oxidation reaction the oxidation number of the element increase or becomes more positive. In a reduction reaction the oxidation number of the element decrease or becomes more negative.
The rules for assigning oxidation number to elements are:
- For an element in its free state it is assigned an oxidation number of zero.
- Monatomic ions have oxidation number that is equal to charge of the monatomic ion.
- Alkali metals have +1 oxidation number, alkaline earth metals have +2 oxidation number and halogens are assigned -1 oxidation number.
- In most compounds H is assigned a +1 oxidation number and O is assigned a -2 oxidation number.
- For a neutral compound the summation of oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero.
(c)
Interpretation: For the following reaction, identify the substances that is oxidized, the substance that is reduced, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent.
Concept Introduction: In an oxidation reaction the oxidation number of the element increase or becomes more positive. In a reduction reaction the oxidation number of the element decrease or becomes more negative.
The rules for assigning oxidation number to elements are:
- For an element in its free state it is assigned an oxidation number of zero.
- Monatomic ions have oxidation number that is equal to charge of the monatomic ion.
- Alkali metals have +1 oxidation number, alkaline earth metals have +2 oxidation number and halogens are assigned -1 oxidation number.
- In most compounds H is assigned a +1 oxidation number and O is assigned a -2 oxidation number.
- For a neutral compound the summation of oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero.
(d)
Interpretation: For the following reaction, identify the substances that is oxidized, the substance that is reduced, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent.
Concept Introduction: In an oxidation reaction the oxidation number of the element increase or becomes more positive. In a reduction reaction the oxidation number of the element decrease or becomes more negative.
The rules for assigning oxidation number to elements are:
- For an element in its free state it is assigned an oxidation number of zero.
- Monatomic ions have oxidation number that is equal to charge of the monatomic ion.
- Alkali metals have +1 oxidation number, alkaline earth metals have +2 oxidation number and halogens are assigned -1 oxidation number.
- In most compounds H is assigned a +1 oxidation number and O is assigned a -2 oxidation number.
- For a neutral compound the summation of oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero.
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Basic Chemistry
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