The flipper of a seal is homologous with the _______ of a bird, and both of these are homologous with the _________ of a human. The wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly are described as __________ structures that arose as a result of _________ evolution. Remnants of structures in animals that have no use for them, such as the small hind leg bones of whales, are described as _________ structures.
To review:
The given blank space in the statement, “the flipper of a seal is homologous with the of a bird, and both of these are homologous with the of a human. The wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly are described as__________________ structures that arose as a result of evolution. Remnants of structures in animals that have no use for them, such as the small hind leg bones of whales, are described as __________________ structures.”
Introduction:
Convergent evolution may be defined as the development of the same kind of adaptive functional structures in the organisms that are not even related. Such organs are called analogous organs. While the structures in the organisms that have a common ancestry are called homologous organs and the development is named as divergent evolution.
Explanation of Solution
The wings of the birds or the arms of the humans or the flippers of the seals have been evolved from the common ancestor and have a common basic structure. However, according to requirements for the survival, the structures were modified to function in a better way. This evolution is of the divergent type where the function of homologous organs changes in different organisms.
However, the wings of the birds and the insects are different in structures. They do not have a common ancestor as well, but the wings of both the organisms are used for flight. These organs, which are similar to the basis of their function are called analogous organs and the evolution is of convergent type.
When a structure in an organism is not capable of performing the functions that it was destined to do, it turns nonfunctional are such structures are called vestigial structures. These structures had been evolved in the ancestors of the species, but are of no use in the present generations. The examples of vestigial structures are pelvic bones in whales and some snakes, small hind leg bones in whales, and molar teeth in vampire bats.
The flipper of a seal is homologous with the wing of a bird, and both of these are homologous with the arm of a human. The wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly are described as analogous structures that arose as a result of convergent evolution. Remnants of structures in animals that have no use for them, such as the small hind leg bones of whales, are described as vestigial structures.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 14 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth
- Which of the following passages inaccurately describes the evolutionary process? Birds today are defined by the presence of feathers. Feathers have many uses to include thermoregulation, communication, sounds production, and of course, flight. Feathers seem to have evolved from reptilian scales, and likely originally evolved for the purpose of thermoregulation before flight. Mammals have three ossicles, or tiny bones, in their middle ear that aid the hearing: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. The stapes is the oldest of the three bones, having evolved from the pharyngeal arch II, called the hyoid arch. We know it's the oldest as it is found in tetrapods (the columella) and in some more recently evolved fish. The malleus and incus evolved from bones of their ancestral mammal-like reptiles' jaws, the articular and the quadrate bone respectively. Those bones moved into the middle ear as the single dentary bone of mammals evolved. The acacia species Acacia hindsii, which is native to…arrow_forwardThe images below exhibit Y-5 molars. The left comes from a chimpanzee and the other is a zoomed-in image of Y-5 molars in a human. Why do these primates share the trait for Y-5 molars? Mark the best answer. Group of answer choices Unclear, cannot determine from the information given. Both inherited this trait from their common ancestor, which also had Y-5 molars. Convergent evolution, since both separately evolved Y-5 molars to adapt to dietary pressures. Random mutations, since having Y-5 molars is abnormal in these species of primate.arrow_forwardThrough the phylogenetic tree of major groups of vertebrates provided below, answer the given table by numbering each node (the point where branches intersect) in the diagram. Then list the names of each group and write down the shared characteristic(s) of it. You may add more rows if needed. Node Number Animal Group 1 Animal Group 2 Animal Group 1&2 Shared Characteristicsarrow_forward
- Transitional species are species important in helping scientists determine the evolutionary path that species have taken over long periods of time. Lobe-finned fishes are the ancestors of amphibians and have fossils that are found in rocks that are at least 380 million years old. Fossils of the oldest amphibian-like vertebrate animals with true legs and lungs are found in rocks that are approximately 363 million years old. Paleontologists have found a sample of rock that is approximately 370 million years old which contains what seems to be a link between lobe-finned fishes and amphibians. Which of the following is a characteristic that you would not expect to see in this transitional fossil? Question options: Skeletal structures that indicate the development of legs. An intermediate structure between lungs and gills. Teeth that are intermediate to the lobe-finned fishes and amphibians. A neck that is more flexible than lobe-finned fishes.arrow_forwardA biologist is trying to infer how five closely related species of snakes are related to one another. She notices that some of the snakes have forked tongues and others do not. Which of the following would help her distinguish the ancestral state? Group of answer choices She looks at a representative mammal species to see if it has a forked tongue. She locates a specimen of a more closely related snake to see if it has forked tongue. She looks among snakes fossils for evidence that being forked is a characteristic of the ancestor of this group, but determines no such fossil exist. She flips a coin.arrow_forwardRefer to the image. Gibbon (20 species in 4 genera) Prosimians: Bushbabies New World and lemurs monkeys Apes Macmillan Learning Orangutan Old World monkeys Gibbons Great apes Gorilla Human Robust canine teeth Earlobes Bonobo Delayed puberty Chimpanzee The characters listed in the ancestral lineages certainly do not represent all the most important evolutionary changes that occurred in these ancestors. Rather, they are a sample of the changes that occurred at each stage.arrow_forward
- Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the information in the evolutionary tree shown below? Each branch point represents the common ancestor of the two lineages diverging from that point. Lungfishes Amphibians Mammals Digit-bearing limbs Lizards and snakes Amnion Crocodiles A hatch mark represents a homologous characteristic shared by all the groups to the right of the mark. Ostriches Feathers Hawks and other birds O Mammals are more closely related to birds than to amphibians. O Lizards and crocodiles (both of which have legs) are more closely related to each other than either is to snakes (which lack legs). O Crocodiles are more closely related to hawks than to lizards. O Modern lungfishes are the common ancestor of modern tetrapods. Tetrapods Amniotes Reptiles Birdsarrow_forwardUsing various resources such as your school Library or the internet and discussions with your teacher, trace the evolutionary stages of any one animal, say horse.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true: Clades are groupings that reflect levels of adaptation or overall similarity and not necessarily actual evolutionary relationships. A grade is a grouping of organisms that reflect a branch of the evolutionary tree, Prosimii and Anthropoidea are an alternative grade-based classification Genetic evidence suggests that Tarsiers are more closely related to Lemurs and Lorises than they are to haplorhines None of the abovearrow_forward
- Reading a Phylogenetic Tree Use the tree below to answer the questions. A Cladogram Fig. 12.1 LANCELET LAMPREY GROUPER SALAMANDER TURTLE WOLF HAIR AMNIOTIC EGGS FOUR LEGGED LOCOMOTION JAH BONES VERTEBRAL COLUMN Amniotic eggs are an example of a: shared derived character shared ancestral characterarrow_forwardFlight evolved two times among the animals in this phylogenetic tree; once in birds, and once in bats (mammals). The branches on which flight evolved are marked. Please click where flight would have most likely evolved if it were actually a homologous character Targets placed: 0/1 You can place up to 1 targets Flight Undo Flight Delete selected Hagfish Lampreys Lobe-finned Fish Amphibians Turtles Lizards Snakes Crocodiles Birds Mammals Remove Allarrow_forwardBelow is a phylogenetic tree of primates. Bush babies, lemurs, pottos Tarsiers Monkeys Gibbons Family Hylobatidae Orangutans Subfamily Ponginae Gorillas Family Hominidae Tribe Gorillini Chimpanzees Tribe Panini Subfamily Homininae ko Humans Tribe Hominini Which of the following is NOT a monophyletic group? O Gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, humans, chimpanzees O humans Gibbons, orangutans, monkeys Chimpanzees, humans Strepsirrhini Haplorrhini Anthropoidea Hominoideaarrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education