Within a cell, the complete breakdown of glucose to generate ATP occurs by two fundamentally different mechanisms. Name and briefly describe these mechanisms.
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Within a cell, the complete breakdown of glucose to generate ATP occurs by two fundamentally different mechanisms. Name and briefly describe these mechanisms.
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- Outline the chemical reactions involved in the process of metabolism of one molecule of glucose until it is reduced to its by-products, carbon dioxide and water molecules, with ATP molecules produced in the process. Mention the specific locations in the cell where these chemical reactions involved in glucose metabolism take placea) Explain how in oxygenated tissue your cells use your MITOCHONDRIA to produce energy: DESCRIBE the processes occurring in your MITOCHONDRIA (intermediate stage, Krebs, and ETC), Make sure to mention where those processes occur.b) How many ATP per glucose are formed in your mitochondria? Where are they formed?Indicate whether each of the following processes would be expected to involve the conversion of ATP to ADP or the conversion of ADP to ATP. a) Heart muscle contraction b) transport of nutrients to various locations in the body
- Explain the role of enzymes within the cell and detail the specific enzyme activity of one of the following metabolic pathways (ATP → ADP, Pyruvate → Lactate or Glucose → Glucose-6-Phosphate).Briefly describe the steps in catabolism of glucose; showing the location where each step happens in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Describe the role that compartmentation plays in the regulation of metabolic pathways. Provide several examples.
- Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen is an essential molecule to efficiently divert the glucose into an energy-rich molecules needed to sustain activities of the cell. Hence, carbon dioxide and water are the end-products of cellular respiration. The overall process can be refined into three main metabolic stages namely (1) glycolysis, (2) tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and (3) oxidative phosphorylation. In plant cells, the enzymes that catalyze the individual steps involved in respiration and energy conservation are located in highly organized compartment called mitochondrion. In this laboratory activity, you will use the germinated mung beans (Vigna radiata) to demonstrate what happens to the stored sugar in the seed upon its utilization during cellular respiration. At the end of the experiment, you are expected to identify what are the different factors that affect cellular respiration.In hepatocytes, the enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the ATP-coupled phosphorylation of glucose. Glucokinase binds both ATP and glucose, forming a glucose-ATP-enzyme complex. The enzyme then transfers the phosphoryl group directly from ATP to glucose. Select the advantages of phosphoryl group transfer compared to hydrolysis and subsequent phosphorylation? Glucokinase increases the transition state energy, favoring glucose phosphorylation. Reaction intermediates do not need to be present in excess. The process takes advantage of the high phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP. ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically unfavorable compared to group transfer.Glycolysis is an important pathway for energy production. As such, the enzymes are always present. After eating a meal, blood glucose levels rise drastically, requiring a rapid increase in glycolytic enzyme concentration to metabolize the influx of glucose. When the blood glucose level drops to baseline, the concentration of glycolytic enzymes is reduced in the cell. Question :- Describe one pathway that allows the cell to rapidly increase glycolytic enzyme levels and one pathway that can be used to reduce glycolytic enzyme levels.
- Discuss the mechanism cells employ to create a concentration gradient to ensure continual uptake of glucose from the bloodstream. Illustrate and Correlate the major Metabolic Pathways that are discussed. Label each pathway.List the energy pathways of the body and how much ATP each one produces per 1 substrate. HINT: There should be four (two anaerobic and two aerobic).In hepatocytes, the enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the ATP-coupled phosphorylation of glucose. Glucokinase binds both ATP and glucose, forming a glucose-ATP-enzyme complex. The enzyme then transfers the phosphoryl group directly from ATP to glucose. Select the advantages of phosphoryl group transfer compared to hydrolysis and subsequent phosphorylation? ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically unfavorable compared to group transfer. Glucokinase increases the transition state energy, favoring glucose phosphorylation. The process takes advantage of the high phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP. Reaction intermediates do not need to be present in excess. Incorrect