When the acetyl-CoA produced during ß-oxidation in the liver exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle, the excess acetyl-CoA forms ketone bodies-acetone, acetoacetate, and D-b-hydroxybutyrate. This occurs in severe, uncontrolled diabetes: because the tissues cannot use glucose, they oxidize large amounts of fatty acids instead. Although acetyl-CoA is not toxic, the mitochondrion must divert the acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies. What problem would arise if acetyl-CoA were not converted to ketone bodies? How does the diversion to ketone bodies solve the problem?
Q: TRUE or FALSE: "The initiation codon for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is AUG coding for the same…
A: Introduction: The genetic code consists of 64 triplets o nucleotides. These triplets are referred to…
Q: Draw the Fischer projection of galactcose and show its catabolism until it releases carbon dioxide…
A: Galactose is an aldohexose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose. The source for the galactose is a…
Q: [ PHYSICAL EDUCATION ] 1. Why is it important to train our anaerobic lactic energy system? Cite at…
A: The lactic acid system is defined as an anaerobic energy system. Here, there is a high-energy…
Q: Each tRNA has unique identity elements recognized by its specific enzyme involved in charging it…
A: Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA is an adaptor…
Q: 4. PFK-1 is tightly regulated with multiple potent allosteric regulators. Name three of these…
A: PFK-1: In the mammalian glycolytic pathway, PFK1 is the most essential regulatory site. This phase…
Q: The PDH mechanism coenzyme that plays a direct role in the generation of acetyl CoA is NADH…
A: PDH means pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This enzyme has three subunits named pyruvate…
Q: 1. Which of the pairs of amino acids gives a positive result to Xanthoproteic test?* Tyrosine and…
A: Biological Macromolecules are constituted of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
Q: Determine the net ATP and total NADH produced upon complete oxidation of two molecules sucrose.…
A: Introduction: The production of ATP occurs in two ways: substrate-level phosphorylation: It…
Q: Identify a problem in molecular biology and how to use CRISPR/cas 9 system to solve it.
A: "CRISPR" full form is "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat". It's a piece of…
Q: Draw the Fischer projection of glucose and show its catabolism until it releases carbon dioxide via…
A: In order to track where every carbon of glucose went we use isotropic tracers experiments. Carbon of…
Q: 4) The mol- other me complex: importar
A: Molecule like protein became functional only when they fold itself into tertiary structure and…
Q: 5. Which reaction yields a more complex molecule and is reductive?
A: The reactions that occur in living cells are called Metabolic reactions. They might be catabolic or…
Q: Please follow the discussion in the photo upon answering the problem below. Please provide an…
A: Field efficiency is described as the ratio of effective field capacity to theoretical field capacity…
Q: ACTIVITY 10.2 Refer to Figures 10.2.1 and 10.2.2 of Model 10.2 and answer the question that follows…
A: Anabolism and catabolism are the two classes of biochemical reactions that are together classified…
Q: How does amino acid metabolism lead to gluconeogenesis?
A: The metabolic mechanism gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon sources.…
Q: Complete the Calvin-Benson cycle if 12 CO2 molecules are fixed. Indicate the number of starting…
A: Calvin Cycle is also known as Dark reaction of photosynthesis. it is not dependent on light it…
Q: dentification tests for Volatile Oils Organoleptic Evaluation. Determine the color, appearance, and…
A: The oils that have been characterized as volatile in nature and do not saponify are the "volatile…
Q: Identify and briefly describe the different PEGylation strategies you can use to PEGylate this…
A: PEGylation refers to the process where polyethylene glycol polymer is chemically added to a protein…
Q: Make a straight line (horizontal, vertical, or diagonal) and put tgem in a sentence. Create 2…
A: The cell membrane consisting of a lipid bilayer separates the interior of the cell from the outside…
Q: Which of the following form Right-handed alpha helices? ds DNA, ds RNA, and proteins…
A: Right handed alpha helixes consist of the different amino acids in the proteins or the different…
Q: 3. Which metabolic reaction requires an input of energy?
A: Metabolic reactions are those that occur in living organisms that proceed through either synthesis…
Q: Which of the following organs does glycolysis occur in an anaerobic environment?* a.Liver b.Brain…
A: The glycolytic pathway metabolizes the glucose molecules to produce energy. The glycolytic pathway…
Q: 23. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Clostridium species? А. They are Gram-positive…
A: A. Clostridium species are gram- positive rods. This State is correct.
Q: How is ATP produced in Glycolysis? Kreb Cycle? Electron transport system?
A: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway in which glucose is oxidized into pyruvate. The citric acid…
Q: Draw the two dipeptides possible when glutamine and cysteine undergo dehydration to form a peptide…
A: Dipeptide is a peptide which contains two amino acids. Amino acids are the basic unit of polypeptide…
Q: Biology Ebola The first documented case from Meliandou falls into this clade: a. SL2 b. SL1 C. GN2…
A: In phylogenetic analysis a clade is a group of organisms that have a common ancestor. Since viruses…
Q: Why doesn’t the brain utilize fatty acids for energy
A: The oxidation of fatty acids provides around 95% of the energy derived from fat. Free fatty acids…
Q: Identify and briefly describe three different PEGylation strategies you can use to PEGylate this…
A: The process of PEGylation improves drug solubility and decreases immunogenicity of a molecule that…
Q: A. CH-(CH3)1u--ou CH-0-Č-(CH,),n-CH, ÇH3 CH2OH C. ,A. CH,-(CH,)16¬Ĉ–OH CH3 CH3 CH,-…
A: Acrolein test is the specific test for the determination of presence of fats or oils on the sample.
Q: The initiation factors during initiation of protein synthesis are lost leading to the dissociation…
A: The initiation factors are essential for the initiation of protein synthesis or protein translation…
Q: Read each pair of sentences and then choose the letter of the correct answer. Your answer must be in…
A: Glycolysis is a cytoplasmic pathway. In this pathway glucose is broken down into two three-carbon…
Q: 22. The blood group by the MN system depends on the combi- nation of the codominant genes CM and CN.…
A: For the blood grouping by MN system, According to hardy Weinberg equation, a gene that exists as two…
Q: The portion in the tRNA that is complementary with the mRNA when the aminoacyl-tRNA reaches the A…
A: tRNA means transfer RNA that carries the amino acid from the cytoplasmic pool to the site of protein…
Q: Explain the importance of protein denaturation.
A: Proteins are one of the most important macromolecule in living organisms with high molecular weight…
Q: important intermolecular forces we discussed. 5) Explain what is meant by hydrophilic and…
A: Biomolecules are those which are produced by cells and living organisms. There are wide range of…
Q: For each of the heterocyclic bases, choose a correct characterization from the response list…
A: Nucleic acids are the polymer of nucleotides. Nucleotide is made up of ribose or deoxyribose sugar,…
Q: The bond formed between glycerol and fatty acid chain is a/an _____ bond. Ether…
A: Glycerol is an organic molecule that consists of three hydroxyl groups while the fatty acids contain…
Q: 1. Which of the following functions describes the enzyme Peptidase?* A. removal of H2O B. remove…
A:
Q: Carbonic anhydrase has an acidic zinc canter compared to carboxypeptidase. Mention the statement is…
A: Carboxypeptidase A is a hydrolase that hydrolyzes the peptide bond at a polypeptide or protein's…
Q: In receptor mediated endocytosis, the receptors (such as the low-density lipoprotein, LDL, receptor)…
A: The plasma membrane regulates the entry and exit of the molecules across the membrane. The small…
Q: -Why do we need pacemakers, which problems will a pacemaker prevent from.
A: Pacemaker which is very important component of heart it Plays vital role in circulation of blood…
Q: Which of the following statements regarding gluconeogenesis is NOT true: It utilizes all of…
A: Gluconeogenesis refers to the process of synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. It…
Q: 1 Unoccupied receptor does not interact with G, protein. Extra- collular space -Hormone or neuro-…
A:
Q: Suggest the possible class of enzyme (or name of enzyme) for each of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions…
A: Enzymes are the proteins which helps in speed up the chemical reactions in the body.…
Q: What is the common purpose of the amaerobic breakdown of pyravate in both yeast and muscle cell ? Be…
A: Introduction: Fermentation involves the conversion of sugar to alcohol in the presence of yeast. It…
Q: A high serum total protein together with low albumin levels is usually seen in which of the…
A: The measurement of total serum protein and albumin are of diagnostic importance in the treatment of…
Q: Which of the following is an electron carrier that shuttles electrons between various protein…
A: The electron transport chain (Figure 1) is the last component of aerobic respiration. Electron…
Q: G ide A T Bond 1 Bond 2 G
A: The DNA double helix forms the genetic material for most living organisms.
Q: a) The genetic code in unambigous that means many codons can code for the same amino acids. b)…
A: 1. The genetic code is UNAMBIGUOUS:- Means that each triplet specifies only a single amino acid.…
Q: 1. Directions: True or False. Write an O if the statement is true, or write an X if the statement is…
A: Drugs are chemical compounds used to treat a condition of a patient.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- When the acetyl-CoA produced during B-oxidation in the liver exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle, the excess acetyl-CoA forms ketone bodies-acetone, acetoacetate, and D-b-hydroxybutyrate. This occurs in severe, uncontrolled diabetes: because the tissues cannot use glucose, they oxidize large amounts of fatty acids instead. Although acetyl-CoA is not toxic, the mitochondrion must divert the acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies. What problem would arise if acetyl-CoA were not converted to ketone bodies? How does the diversion to ketone bodies solve the problem?In type I diabetes mellitus, excessive production of acetyl-CoA may surpass the body’s capacity to oxidize it. As a result, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone (ketone bodies) accumulate. When generated in large amounts, blood pH falls, thereby reducing the capacity of red blood cells to carry oxygen. Explain in general terms how high concentrations of ketone bodies may result in a fatal coma.In the presence of saturating amounts of oxaloacetate, the activity of citrate synthase from pig heart tissue shows a sigmoid dependence on the concentration of acetyl‑CoA. When succinyl‑CoA is added, the curve shifts to the right and the sigmoid dependence is more pronounced.
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is a fatal disease usually diagnosed in children. Symptoms include severe neurological damage. Elevated blood levels of lactate, pyruvate, and alanine are also seen. Explain how the deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase causes these elevated values.One of the consequences of ethanol addiction is fattyliver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulatetriacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fattyacids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells byalcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yieldacetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into themitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA andmetabolized by the citric acid cycle. When alcohol is consumed in excessive quantities, the resulting high levels ofNADH cause metabolic abnormalities, one of which is highlevels of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, also acytoplasmic process, uses acetyl-CoA as a substrate andNADPH as a reducing agent. Determine how a high level ofcytoplasmic NADH provides a source of NADPH for fattyacid synthesis.Fatty acid biosynthesis begins with the condensation of a two-carbon acetyl residue from acetyl-COA and oxaloacetate, while oxidation leads to the release of two carbon units, acetyl-CoA and fatty acyl-CoA. However, these two processes are not simple reversal. Compare and contrast these two pathways.
- Glucagon secretion causes inhibition of intracellular acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity by several mechanisms. Name all you can think of.Which of the following fatty acids will produce propionyl-CoA in its/their last β-oxidation cycle?The diabetic body's reliance on ketogenesis to provide energy due to the unavailability of glucose causes serious health and toxicity concerns in these individuals. 1) Describe the role of ketogenesis in diabetes, why the body elects this metabolic pathway, and its resultant benefits and consequences. 2) Describe the role of ketogenesis in a ketogenic diet, why this can be considered a desired metabolic state for individuals, and the benefits and consequences of ketogenesis in these intentional circumstances. Rationalize the differences between these two ketogenic instances.
- After several days of starvation, the capacity of the liver to metabolize acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle is greatly diminished. Explain.A number of genetic deficiencies in acyl CoA dehydrogenases have been described. This deficiency presents early in life after a period of fasting. Symptoms include vomiting, lethargy, and sometimes coma. Not only are blood levels of glucose low ( hypoglycemia), but starvation-induced ketosis is absent. Provide a biochemical explanation for these last two observations.Glucagon secretion inhibits intracellular acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity through a number of different methods. Make a list of everything that comes to mind.