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- (a). Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Explain how this feature benefits the cell. (Give ONE reason) (2) (b). Give ONE difference between a saturated phospholipid and an unsaturated phospholipid. (2)Match the following terms (A to F) with the statements (i – vi) below by selecting from the drop-down menus. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A nonpolar covalent bond B polar covalent bond C ionic bond hydrogen bond E hydrophobic interaction F All of the above (1) Explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to each other (i) Important for self-assembly of membranes (iii) Important in large biological molecules (iv) Joins backbone atoms in fatty acids (v) Easily disrupted in presence of water (vi) Important for alpha helix and beta sheet formation in proteins72. Use Figure 2 to answer the following questions. (1.4) KU HOCH, OH C3 H C H С — H ОН ОН ribose Figure 2 (a) Which type of molecule does this diagram represent? (b) What is the chemical formula for this molecule? of macromolecules does this (c) What group molecule belong to? エーO エ-O
- How would a cell membrane having phospholipids that contain a high percentage of oleic acid differ from a cell membrane having phospholipids that contain a high percentage of stearic acid?Which of the following (could be more than one) would not be a rational explanation for why the three-dimensional structure of a protein is driven and stabilized largely by noncovalent rather than covalent bonds?a) Proteins may be degraded for energy, and if their three-dimensional structures were heldtogether by mostly covalent bonding, this might be too difficult to accomplishb) Proteins will need to be unfolded to cross biological membrane, and if their three-dimensionalstructures were held together by mostly covalent bonding, this might be too difficult toaccomplish.c) Protein function (transport, enzyme catalysis, etc...) may require flexibility in the three-dimensional structure to allow for conformational change, and if protein three-dimensionalstructure were held together by mostly covalent bonding, this might be too difficult toaccomplish.d) All of the answer choices are rational explanations for why the three-dimensional structure of protein is driven and stabilized largely…2. (a) The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid. i. Which type of lipid does this structure belong to? ii. Give one example of molecule made up of this type of lipid. iii. Describe the distinct roles of this type of lipid on membrane at different temperatures. Keep your answer brief. (b) The figure illustrates the structure of a lipid. CH2-O- CH-O- CH2 i. Regarding the types of fatty acids, what is the name of this type of lipid? Give the full name, not abbreviation. ii. After hydrolysis, the fatty acid chain indicated by an arrow is released. Name this fatty acid in n-system and delta (A) designation. ii. How can the fatty acid release energy in the cells?
- How are detergent molecules similar to phospholipid molecules in plasma membranes? Explain the mechanism that makes it possible for detergent molecules to get oil out of clothes. Include the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic in your explanation.1. The food industry often uses catalytic hydrogenation to convert double bonds in the fattyacids of the oil triacylglycerols to -CH 2 -CH 2 -. How does this affect the physical properties of the oils. Whichform provides greater energy upon combustion? Please explain your answers. 2. How is it possible for some molecules to be at equilibrium across a biological membrane andyet not be at the same concentration on both sides? 3. In considering active transport by Na + -K + -ATPase at body temperature (37 o C), 3 Na+ are pumped out of the cell and 2 K + are pumped in for each ATP that is hydrolyzed to ADP + P i . Given that underyour experimental conditions, the DG for ATP hydrolysis is -10 kcal/mol, and that V is -60 mV, and that thepump maintains the internal Na + at 10mM, external Na + at 120 mM, internal K + at 120 mM and external K + at8mM, what is the efficiency of the pump (i.e., what fraction of the energy available from ATP hydrolysis isrequired to drive transport at the…For each of the following false statements, change the statement to make it true and explain your reasoning.(a) Because membranes have a hydrophobic interior, polar and charged molecules cannot pass through membranes.
- Plasmas can ‘polymerize’ saturated organic molecules. Plasma can fragment molecules to form ions, how could I fragment then join together multiple OXALIC ACID molecules to form ester bonds? please draw the MECHANISM for the plasma polymerization of oxalic acid.Lipid bilayers formed between two aqueousphas es have this important property: they form two-dimensional sheets, the edges of which close on each other and undergo self-sealing to form vesicles (liposomes).(a) What properties of lipids are responsible for this property of bilayers? Explain.(b) What are the consequences of this property for the structure of biologicalmembranes?2) What is glycoside ? In neutral and basic solutions, glycosides do not show mutarotation. However, if the solutions are made acidic, glycosides show mutarotation. Explain why? And write a mutarotation mechanism.