When blood [glucose] is high and a cell’s energy needs are met, insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis. Is it counterproductive for insulin to also promote the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? Explain.
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A: Pyruvate has different fates under oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions.
Q: Why does it make metabolic sense for the same hormone signal to stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit…
A: The muscles and the liver respond in distinct ways to the same hormone signal, thus participating in…
Q: True or false Ketone body synthesis requires transportation of acetyl-CoA through the inner…
A: Acetone, acetoacetate and 3 beta hydroxybutyrate are known as ketone bodies. They are produced from…
Q: Why is pyruvate carboxylase constitutive and active in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
A: The pyruvate carboxylase got multiple sub units of enzymes. Here acetyl CoA helps as an regulatory…
Q: Fatty acids appear to stimulate insulin secretion to a much greater extent when glucose is also…
A: Long chain fatty acids potentiate glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Fatty acids don't trigger…
Q: If glucose is such a readily available fuel, why is gluconeogenesis necessary?
A: Gluconeogenesis refers to the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates such as glycerol…
Q: Glycolysis reaction produces a molecule of Acetyl CoA. True or False?
A: Cellular respiration is that the process by which organisms mix oxygen with food molecules,…
Q: Increased levels of NADH in the liver promote the process of gluconeogenesis. What do you make of…
A: Introduction: The process of synthesis of glucose or glycogen from non-carbohydrate sources in the…
Q: What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and…
A: Before going into the whole complex regulatory pathways, you need to know a few basic facts.…
Q: Administration of insulin decreases the blood concentration of ketone bodies in patients with…
A: The cells inside the body of people who are diabetic are unable to uptake glucose from blood.…
Q: Explain why the carbon skeletons of ketogenic amino acids yielding acetyl-CoA only cannot be…
A: Introduction: The amino acids are changed into ketone bodies are known as ketogenic amino acids.…
Q: Ketone bodies are exported from liver for use by other tissues. Because many tissues can synthesize…
A: Introduction: Ketone bodies are water-soluble and energy-generating compound. For Example; acetone,…
Q: How many ATP will be broken down in the complete β-oxidation of this fatty acid?
A: Beta-oxidation is the process of breaking down the long fatty acids into smaller fatty acyl CoA to…
Q: Explain why insulin is required for adipocytes to synthesize triacylglycerols from fatty acids.
A: Insulin signaling is required for storing energy in the form of fats in humans. Even though de novo…
Q: Why is glucose provided by glycogenolysis in the liver but not in skeletal muscle?
A: Through glycogenolysis process, glycogen broken down into glucose and provide energy. Muscle…
Q: Why is it important that gluconeogenesis is not the exactreverse of glycolysis?
A: Glycolysis is the process by which the glucose molecule from the food is broken down to produce…
Q: What would be the effect on fatty acid synthesis of an increase in intramitochondrial oxaloacetate…
A: Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of…
Q: What properties of glucokinase allow it to phosphorylate glucose in the liver when the blood glucose…
A: Glucokinase is an enzyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.…
Q: What would be the effect on fatty acid synthesis of an increase in intramito- chondrial oxaloacetate…
A: An increase in the level of oxaloacetate would cause the oxaloacetate to be converted to acetyl-CoA,…
Q: Is the statement true or false?
A: Glycolysis is the process of breakdown of glucose to obtain energy by the cells for fulfilling their…
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A: A biological cell is a hub of biochemical and metabolic activities. Enzymatic reactions occur in…
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A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is the enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA during the…
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A: The lipase is an enzyme found in the pancreas that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids…
Q: Elevated liver NADH levels favors gluconeogenesis. Explain this statement?
A: Gluconeogenesis is rather literally translated as 'new glucose synthesis'. It is a metabolic process…
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A: Lipids are the biomolecules that are esters of fatty acids along with alcohol where fatty acids are…
Q: Does glucagon lead to the deactivation or activation of glycogen phosphorylase and the…
A: Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by α-cells of pancreas. Glucagon released during the low…
Q: The disease beriberi, which results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), is…
A: Thiamine: a. Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin and has a specific coenzyme which is thiamine…
Q: Why is pyruvate referred to as the hub of glucose oxidation?
A: Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water. Pyruvate is the…
Q: Release of Acetyl CoA from the ketoacy| CoA is catalyzed by
A: First question answer is option c- thiolases,
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A: There is no enzyme called acyetal CoA dehydrogenase or acetyl CoA dehydrogenase. The enzyme that…
Q: Why is it advantageous that breakdown of glycogen gives rise to glucose-6-phosphate rather than to…
A: Introduction The phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen results in the formation of glucose-6-phosphate…
Q: How would the rapid accumulation of succinyl-CoA affect the rate of glucose oxidation?
A: Cellular Respiration is the oxidative process through which energy is obtained from the food. The…
Q: The disease beriberi, which results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), is…
A: Macronutrients and micronutrients are two different types of nutrition. Macronutrients include the…
Q: Would you expect insulin to increase or decrease the activity of the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase?
A: The insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of pancreatic islets. The insulin is…
Q: CH3CH2OH + NAD+ --> CH3CHO + NADH +H+ Explain how this reaction inhibits the production of pyruvate…
A: Ethanol is mostly consumed by humans, which gets metabolized readily in the liver. It is generally…
Q: Only the carbon skeleton of amino acids is used in gluconeogenesis but not fatty acids. How can…
A: Fatty acid oxidation is defined as the metabolic pathway or cycle in which the fats are metabolized…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a fate of pyruvate in metabolism? . Conversion to alanine as its…
A: Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Pyruvate…
Q: Patients with von Gierke’s disease (a glycogen storage disease) lack glucose-6- phosphatase…
A: Von Gierke's disease is also called as glycogen storage disease type I. It is a genetic disorder…
Q: After a carbohydrate-rich meal is consumed and the glucoserequirements of all tissues have been met,…
A: Glycogenensis is the process of the formation of glycogen from glucose. This is the energy storage…
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A: There are different types of cholesterol circulating in the blood. They are classified based on…
Q: rounds of beta axidation are required to produce complete oxidation of this fatty acid: CH3(CH2)7CH…
A: Beta oxidation is a fatty acid (FA) oxidation process which occurs in the mitochondria. Fatty acids…
Q: In gluconeogenesis, only the carbon skeletons of amino acids, not fatty acids, are utilised. So how…
A: The metabolic process or cycle in which lipids are digested or broken down to release or create…
Q: Why would a cause of hyperinsulinism be hypoglycemia?
A: Introduction:Hypoglycemia is a state of having blood sugar (glucose) levels that are below normal.…
Q: Why are the symptoms of carnitine palmitoyl transferase II deficiency more severe during fasting?
A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency is a condition that prevents the body from…
When blood [glucose] is high and a cell’s energy needs are met, insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis. Is it counterproductive for insulin to also promote the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? Explain.
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- Glucagon is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. It regulates the opposing pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by altering levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. If glucagon causes a decrease in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, how does this increase blood glucose levels? Explain..After a carbohydrate-rich meal is consumed and the glucoserequirements of all tissues have been met, the liver begins tostore excess glucose in glycogen molecules. Explain the roleof the hexokinases in this phenomenon.fatty acid breakdown generates a large amount of acetyl CoA. What will be the effect of fatty acid breakdown on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity? On glycolysis?
- Fatty acids appear to stimulate insulin secretion to a much greater extent when glucose is also present. Why is this significant?How many acetyl CoA molecules can be produced during the complete β-oxidation of this fatty acid?One of the modes of regulation of glycogen metabolism involves the hormonal control by covalent modification of the two pathways’ regulatory enzymes.(a). Name these enzymes.(b). Illustrate the cascade of reactions that governs the inter-conversion of theregulatory enzyme that is involved in the glycogen degradation.
- When the acetyl-CoA produced during B-oxidation in the liver exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle, the excess acetyl-CoA forms ketone bodies-acetone, acetoacetate, and D-b-hydroxybutyrate. This occurs in severe, uncontrolled diabetes: because the tissues cannot use glucose, they oxidize large amounts of fatty acids instead. Although acetyl-CoA is not toxic, the mitochondrion must divert the acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies. What problem would arise if acetyl-CoA were not converted to ketone bodies? How does the diversion to ketone bodies solve the problem?When the acetyl-CoA produced during β-oxidation in the liver exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle, the excess acetyl-CoA forms ketone bodies—acetone, acetoacetate, and D-b-hydroxybutyrate. This occurs in severe, uncontrolled diabetes: because the tissues cannot use glucose, they oxidize large amounts of fatty acids instead. Although acetyl-CoA is not toxic, the mitochondrion must divert the acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies. What problem would arise if acetyl-CoA were not converted to ketone bodies? How does the diversion to ketone bodies solve the problem?How would the rapid accumulation of succinyl-CoA affect the rate of glucose oxidation?
- Although glucose cannot be formed from acetyl-CoA, triglycerides can enter the glycolytic pathway via which process? O Acetyl-CoA → oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate O Palmitoyl-CoAB- ketoacyl-CoA → a-ketoglutarate O Glycerol → DHAP Acyl-CoA glucoseName the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis. Explain how lactate is converted to glucose.What impact would a rise in intramitochondrial oxaloacetate levels have on fatty acid synthesis? Justify your response briefly.