Both answer please What is not true about the difference between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?O in eukaryotes the 5' cap is involved in the recognition of initiation sitesO The size of the ribosome differs somewhat in prokaryotes and eukaryotesO in eukaryotes the N-terminal amino acid is generally methionine, not N-formylmethionineO initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes usually occurs at the AUG closest to the 5' end of mRNAO regulation of translation occurs in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotesWhat is NOT true about the function of mRNA's in translation?in bacteria the mRNA's often contain introns that are not translatedO Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the template for protein synthesisan mRNA molecule often codes for a cluster of related genes in bacteriamRNA's comprise a heterogeneous class of molecules of varying sizesO a distinct mRNA is usually produced for each gene in higher eukaryotes

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Description: Both answer please What is not true about the difference between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?O in eukaryotes the 5' cap is involved in the recognition of initiation sitesO The size of the ribosome differs somewhat in prokaryotes and euk

mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) is a type of RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA to the…

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What is not true about the difference between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? O in eukaryotes the 5' cap is involved in the recognition of initiation sites O The size of the ribosome differs somewhat in prokaryotes and eukaryotes O in eukaryotes the N-terminal amino acid is generally methionine, not N-formylmethionine O initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes usually occurs at the AUG closest to the 5' end of mRNA regulation of translation occurs in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes What is NOT true about the function of mRNA's in translation? O in bacteria the mRNA's often contain introns that are not translated O Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the template for protein synthesis O an mRNA molecule often codes for a cluster of related genes in bacteria O mRNA's comprise a heterogeneous class of molecules of varying sizes O a distinct mRNA is usually produced for each gene in higher eukaryotes

What is not true about the difference between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? O in eukaryotes the 5' cap is involved in the recognition of initiation sites O The size of the ribosome differs somewhat in prokaryotes and eukaryotes O in eukaryotes the N-terminal amino acid is generally methionine, not N-formylmethionine O initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes usually occurs at the AUG closest to the 5' end of mRNA regulation of translation occurs in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes What is NOT true about the function of mRNA's in translation? O in bacteria the mRNA's often contain introns that are not translated O Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the template for protein synthesis O an mRNA molecule often codes for a cluster of related genes in bacteria O mRNA's comprise a heterogeneous class of molecules of varying sizes O a distinct mRNA is usually produced for each gene in higher eukaryotes

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter15: Genes And Proteins

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3VCQ: Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks...

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Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis? Tetracycline would directly affect: tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain Chloramphenicol would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain
A scientist introduces a mutation that makes the 60S ribosomal subunit nonfunctional in a human cell line. What would be the predicted effect on translation? Translation stalls after the initiation AUG codon is identified The ribosome cannot catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the tRNAs in the A and P sites The ribosome cannot interact with mRNAs tRNAs cannot exit the E site of the ribosome.
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why are antibiotics ineffective in treating the common cold and other virus infections?
Given the following mRNA, write the double-stranded DNA segment that served as the template. Indicate both the 5 and the 3 ends of both DNA strands. Also write out the tRNA anticodons and the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the mRNA message. DNA: mRNA: 5-CCGCAUGUUCAGUGGGCGUAAACACUGA-3 protein: tRNA:
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?
Which of the following statements about translation is false? In eukaryotes, the 5' cap and the 3' poly(A) tail are involved in translation initiation. Peptidyl-transferase activity during translation is the property of a ribozyme. A base at the first position of an anticodon on the tRNA would pair with a base at the third position of the mRNA. The growing peptide chain is transferred from the tRNA in the P site to the tRNA in the A site. Ribosomes move along an mRNA in the 3’ → 5' direction.
Which of these statements is true about the elongation step of translation? The growing polypeptide chain is transferred from the P site RNA to the A site RNA OThe MRNA moves through the ribosome OThe new amino acid is transferred from the A site tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain in the P site The small ribosomal subunit detaches and reattaches every time a new amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide
Which of the following interactions in E. coli ensures that the start codon of an mRNA is accurately positioned in a ribosome at the initiation of translation? O binding between the mRNA Shine-Dalgarno sequence and ribosomal proteins base-pairing between the mRNA Shine-Dalgarno sequence and rRNA of the small ribosomal subunit O binding between ribosomal proteins and the initiation factor that base-pairs with the start codon O base-pairing between the mRNA Shine-Dalgarno sequence and rRNA of the large ribosomal subunit
What is the function of polyadenylation in eukaryotes? (Choose all that apply) It moves ribosomes along MRNA during translation. It aids in the termination of translation. It stabilizes the resulting MRNA by limiting degradation at the 3' end of the molecule. It forms peptide bonds. It charges tRNAS It aids in the initiation of translation. It stabilizes the resulting MRNA by limiting degradation at the 5' end of the molecule.
An RNA polymer is made by using the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase with equal quantities of CTP and GTP. When this RNA is used in an in vitro translation system, all of the following amino acids could be incorporated into a newly made polypeptide, except: Codon Table Second position A G UUU UCU UAU UGU phe tyr сys UUC UCC UAC UGC ser UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG trp UUA UCA UUG UCG CUU CCU CAU CGU leu ССС pro his CAC CUC CGC arg CỦA ССА CAA CGA gln CUG CCG CAG CGG AUU ACU AAU AGU asi se ACC thr ACA AUC ile AAC AGC AUA AAA lys AAG AGA arg AUG met ACG AGG GUU GCU GAU GGU asp GGC gly GGA GUC GCC ala GCA GAC val GUA GAA glu GAG GUG GCG GGG proline (pro) histidine (His) O arginine (Arg) alanine (Ala) glycine (Gly) Third position (3'-end) First position (5'-end)
All of the following mRNA codons signal the end of translation, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with the exception of: 5’-AUG-3’ 5’-UAG-3’ 5’-UGA-3’ 5’-UAA-3’ all of the above
A difference between bacterial and eukaryotic translation is Multiple Choice translation can begin on an MRNA still being synthesized only in eukaryotes. a 5' cap is added to the mRNA before translation only in bacteria modifications to the 5' end of mRNA help it to bind to ribosomes only in eukaryotes bacteria use a completely different genetic code than eukaryotes. special TRNAS read the stop codons only in in eukaryotes