Two of the loci identified in the 2019 study were not identified in prior GWAS studies focused on this trait in people of European or African ancestry, and those studies identified some loci not identified in this 2019 study of Hispanic/Latino people. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for these discrepancies?
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- . A gene called Q has two alleles, QFand QG, that encode alternative forms of a red blood cell protein thatallows blood group typing. A different, independentlysegregating gene called R has two alleles, RC and RD,permitting a different kind of blood group typing. Arandom, representative population of football fanswas examined, and on the basis of their blood typing,the following distribution of genotypes was inferred(all genotypes were distributed equally betweenmales and females):QFQFRCRC 202QFQG RCRC 101QGQG RCRC 101QFQFRCRD 372QFQG RCRD 186QGQG RCRD 186QFQFRDRD 166QFQG RDRD 83QGQG RDRD 83This sample contains 1480 fans in total.a. Is the population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumwith respect to either or both of the Q andR genes?b. After one generation of random mating within thisgroup, what fraction of the next generation of football fans will be QFQF(independent of their Rgenotype)?c. After one generation of random mating, what fraction of the next generation of football fans will…A certain form of congenital glaucoma is caused by an autosomalrecessive allele. Assume that the mutation rate is 10-5 and that peoplewith this condition produce, on the average, only about 80% of theoffspring produced by people who do not have glaucoma.a. At equilibrium between mutation and selection, what will the frequencyof the gene for congenital glaucoma be?b. What will the frequency of the disease be in a randomly matingpopulation that is at equilibrium?In a large, randomly mating population, the frequency of the allele (s)for sickle-cell hemoglobin is 0.028. The results of studies have shownthat people with the following genotypes at the beta-chain locus producethe following average numbers of offspring:Genotype Average numberof offspring producedSS 5Ss 6ss 0a. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele (s) be in the nextgeneration?b. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele be at equilibrium?
- Identify a possible advantage and a possible disadvantage of a genetic test that would identify genes in individuals that increase their probability of having Alzheimer’s disease later in life.Ancestry prediction in 23 & Me is continuously updated as new individuals aregenotyped. This can change an individual’s personal predicted ancestry by refining theregion of ancestral origins or potentially identifying a less common ancestry in the lineage.This can similarly happen with animals where new breeds are identified in an individual’sancestry as new breeds are genotyped. Explain how ancestry prediction is done and howthat prediction can change as more individuals are genotyped.After the rediscovery of Mendel’s principles of inheritance in the earlytwentieth century, eugenics became popular in many countries,including the United States. The eugenic movement proposed toimprove the human species through the application of genetics. Anumber of eugenic laws were passed, prohibiting the marriage ofpeople with certain conditions and allowing for the involuntarysterilization of others. Eventually this practice fell into disfavorbecause of ethical concerns and because many of the laws were basedon bad science. Some people think that the increasing use of moderngenetic techniques to test for genetic diseases and traits and tomanipulate reproductive outcomes representsthe resurgence of eugenics. What are some ethical concerns associatedwith encouraging the birth of people with desirable traits anddiscouraging the birth of those with undesirable traits?
- A study published in the journal PLoS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217796) in 2019 presented results of a GWAS searching for loci impacting the risk of prolonged QRS in Hispanic/Latino people living in the U.S. QRS prolongation has been associated heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. The Manhattan plot below summarizes the results. The significance threshold for this study is shown as a horizontal line at -log₁0(p-value) ~7.5. The names of candidate genes at each associated locus are shown at the top of the corresponding SNP tower. How many loci containing at least one gene affecting prolonged QRS risk were identified? (d)oT301- 10- 8 0 1 SCN5A-SCN10A HAND1 CDKN1A VTI1A 8 9 10 11 SYT1 MYOCD : 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 X YA study published in the journal PLoS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217796) in 2019 presented results of a GWAS searching for loci impacting the risk of prolonged QRS in Hispanic/Latino people living in the U.S. QRS prolongation has been associated heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. The Manhattan plot below summarizes the results. The significance threshold for this study is shown as a horizontal line at -log₁0 (p-value) ~7.5. The names of candidate genes at each associated locus are shown at the top of the corresponding SNP tower. How many loci containing at least one gene affecting prolonged QRS risk were identified? 10 06 5 7 O 8 i SCNSA-SCN10A CDKN1A HAND1 • 88 : 7 8 9 VTI1A 10 11 SYT1 MYOCD LE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 X YWhat is the first variable that can be calculated given these data, and what is the final variable we are requesting you to calculate? "In Finland, 256 people out of 10,000 are homozygous for the CCR5 allele mutation resulting in HIV resistance. Assuming the locus is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected genotype frequency of heterozygous carriers for the CCR5 mutation?"
- Roughly 30% of harvested cantaloupesare wasted because they become overripebefore reaching consumers. Agricultural scientistshave used genetic engineering to insert an applegene into the cantaloupe genome to produce atransgenic (GM) cantaloupe that ripens more slowlyafter harvesting. Is this approach less desirablethan the marker-assisted breeding describedabove? Why or why not?point pu What is the most appropriate description of the role of heritability in bbesity? O The huge impact of rare mutations in specific genes on obesity illustrates the important role of heritability in the current obesity epidemic. O The role of heritable factors is equally important for obesity as it is for height. O The role of heritable factors in obesity has remained relatively dormant for centuries until the emergence of the obesogenic environment brought them to life. O The role of heritability in obesity is very limited as our genes haven't changed over the past 50 years yet the population has become a lot more obese.Height in humans is controlled by the additive action of genes and the action of environmental factors. For the purposes of this problem, assume that height is controlled by four genesA, B, C, and Dand that there are no environmental effects. Assume further that additive alleles contribute two units of height and partially additive alleles contribute one unit of height. a. Given these assumptions, can two individuals of moderate height produce offspring that are much taller and shorter than either parent? If so, how can this happen? b. Can someone of minimum height and someone of intermediate height have children taller than the parent of intermediate height? Why or why not?