The incidence of colon cancer in the United States is30 times higher than it is in India. Differences in dietand/or genetic differences between the two populations may contribute to these statistics. How wouldyou assess the role of each of these factors?
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The incidence of colon cancer in the United States is
30 times higher than it is in India. Differences in diet
and/or genetic differences between the two populations may contribute to these statistics. How would
you assess the role of each of these factors?
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- A survey of Canadian males was performed in during the 1980s. 52% of adult males smoked. The lifetime probability of getting lung cancer in male smokers was 17.2% compared to 1.3% in non-smoking males. c)Use your probability tree to calculate the following: An elderly Canadian male developed cancer What is the probability that he smoked? Pr[smoke | cancer] = ? pls help me with the following and explain. thank youMany of the most common causes of death are preventable through modification of which of the following? Question 36 options: a) Weight (obesity), water (less sugar sweetened beverages), and walking (increase) b) Drinks (alcohol consumption), dreams (sleep patterns) and drama (stress) c) Feet (physical activity), forks (eating patterns), and fingers (smoking) d) Activity (increase), aging (decrease) and adequacy (nutritional intakeIf 25% of disease X is attributable to dietary factors, 25% to genetic factors, and 25% to environmental factors, then what percent of disease X is attributable to the sum of all other factors? Less than 25% 25% Greater than 25% Greater than or equal to 25% Don’t know To address the hypothesis that among male and female workers who commute to work, those who commute to their jobs by driving are at greater risk of myocardial infarction than those who commute by other means, would it be necessary to obtain a representative sample of workers (in terms of the ratio of males to females) to test such a hypothesis? Yes No Don’t know
- What is our current understanding about the contribution of modifiable risk factors to cardiovascular disease (CVD)? Question 22 options: a) A huge proportion of CVD is due to universal modifiable risk factors b) CVD attributed to modifiable risk factors varies greatly with ethnic populations, as does the genetic component c) Only about half of CVD is due to modifiable risk factors, much is attributed to genetic factors d) Modifiable risk factors are responsible for a small proportion of CVD, with the bulk attributed to a combination of genetics and environmental factorsIn a cohort study on HRT and breast cancer, the incidence of breast cancer among those who used HRT is 20 per 1,000, and the incidence among those who did not use HRT is 1 per 1,000. The proportion of breast cancer among those who used HRT that is attributable to HRT is ____% a) 85 b) 90 c) 100 d) 95Explain why you agree or disagree with each of thefollowing statements:a. We should not worry much about exposure totoxic chemicals because almost any chemical, at alarge enough dosage, can cause some harm.b. We should not worry much about exposureto toxic chemicals because, through geneticadaptation, we can develop immunities to suchchemicals.c. We should not worry much about exposureto toxic chemicals because we can use geneticengineering to reduce our susceptibility to theireffects.d. We should not worry about exposure to a chemical such as bisphenol A (BPA) because it has notbeen absolutely proven scientifically that BPA haskilled anyone.
- Large international variations in rates of communicable diseases, undernutrition, and maternal and child deaths can be explained by all of the following except: a. differences in cultural factors b. genetic factors c. differences in climate d. access to health carehe first involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of lung cancer. For cigarette smokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Ie = 200 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Io = 25 per 100,000. The lung cancer incidence rate in the entire population was It = 100 per 100,000. The second study involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary heart disease. For cigarette smokers, the coronary heart disease incidence rate was Ie = 500 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, it was Io = 250 per 100,000. In the overall population, the coronary heart disease rate was It = 300. 1. What is relative risk the of developing lung cancer in the first study and of developing coronary heart disease in the second study? Interpret. 2. From the data involving cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence, what are the attributable risk and the attributable-risk percent? Interpret the result. 3. From the…1. Identify each of the following risk measures as either a prevalence, a cumulative incidence, or an incidence rate. a) Each year, 2.2 million new cases of cancer are diagnosed, including about 1 million cases of skin cancer. b) Investigators reported in a recent cross sectional study of 215 HIV-positive subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy that 11 subjects showed signs or symptoms of hepatotoxicity. c) In 1997, an estimated 64,207 people sustained nonfatal firearm-related injuries and were treated in U.S. hospital emergency rooms. d) In 1997, 33% of firearm-related injuries resulted in death. e) A recent cohort study comparing ACE-inhibitor users to Ace-inhibitor nonusers showed that 50 ACE-inhibitor developed a cough during 2470 person-years of follow-up.
- Compare and contrast Medicare and Medicaid.How is each of these programs funded, and how are the twoprograms threatened by increased health care costs?What is the second most common cause of death in Western countries ?A small study is conducted of two different dietary supplements to prevent peanut allergy.For each group, 5 people are enrolled who are free of peanut allergies and then followed them over time to see what happens over the course of 5 years of the study. Our goal is to see which supplement is superior in preventing peanut allergy. The data from the study is below: c.What is the risk of mortality in Supplement B?