Opioids and opiates bind to receptors in distinct areas of the brain to produce analgesia in the ____, reinforcing effects in the ____, and hypothermia in the ____.
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Opiates capitalize on the endogenous opioid system that evolved to protect us (i.e., endorphines produce analgesia and mild euphoria). Opioids and opiates bind to receptors in distinct areas of the brain to produce analgesia in the ____, reinforcing effects in the ____, and hypothermia in the ____.
A. PAG; nucleus accumbens; preoptic area.
B. Preoptic area; nucleus accumbens; PAG.
C. nucleus accumbens; PAG; preoptic area.
D. nucleus accumbens; preoptic area; PAG.
E. nucleus accumbens; reticular formation; substantia nigra.
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- Long-term methamphetamine use leads to changes in the brain. Think about how methamphetamine changed where dopamine was found in the cell. What are some changes that you might expect based on this simulation?Remember, as an educated person, you are considered as a CIVILIZED and a REFINED one --- which means, we humans suppresses our animal instincts like aggressiveness and automatic reflexes. If you are INTOXICATED with liquor-alcohol, one of the following will happen to you: you will be encouraged and stimulated to do anything there is loss of inhibition you will automatically become drowsy and sleepy you will be heating-up making your skin flushed redWhich of the following is NOT true regarding nicotine? a. its psychoactive effects include improved attention, concentration, learning, and memory b. green tobacco sickness affects smokers who use tobacco products that haven’t been properly dried c. stress accelerates nicotine metabolism, driving smokers into nicotine withdrawal faster d. it might be the only addictive chemical in tobacco, but other chemicals in tobacco might operate as catecholamine agonists e. of the main pharmacologic treatments to aid smoking cessation, only Zyban (bupropion) does not lessen withdrawal symptoms through gentle activation of ACh receptors
- Lidocaine is an anesthetic that is commonly used in medical and dental practices. After being injected or applied to the skin, lidocaine very quickly causes numbness in that area by affecting nerve transmission. Which option below is a possible mechanism by which lidocaine might work? Mimics the neurotransmitter released by sensory neurons Causes an influx of calcium into the axon bulb of sensory neurons Prevents the opening of sodium channels in the sensory neuronsSpecifically neuroadaptation in drug users consist in the molecular basis in which the receptor population for an endogenous substance is reduced the binding rate of the abused substance increases drastically reprogramming of the binding affinity of the drug of choice simply an excuse to continue using a particular substance1. Choose (place an X) whether the characteristic applies to the Nervous System or Endocrine System (or both) Characteristic Action is generally brief (lasting milliseconds). Action generally lasts longer (seconds to days). Mediator molecules delivered to target by bloodstream. Action potentials trigger release of mediator molecules at synapse with target. Target cells require specific protein receptor for mediator molecule. Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions. Influence is much broader; will regulate virtually all types of body cells. Controls growth & development and regulates reproductive systems. Maintains internal environments (homeostasis) Nervous Endocrine Mediator molecules include acetylcholine, glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin Mediator molecules include aldosterone, melatonin, insulin, calcitonin
- Which of the following is NOT an effect of the nerve agent, tetrodotoxin: Group of answer choices a. It causes giddiness and excitable dancing b. It is used to make zombies c. It slows the metabolic rate d. It causes paralysis e. It causes shallowness in breathingThe drug Celebrex selectively inhibits PTGS2 while aspirin and other NSAID’s inhibit both PTGS1 and PTGS2 in the same way. Why do you think researchers wanted to discover a selective inhibitor to PTGS2?We talked about drug effects on neurons in sequence. The effect of alcohol is multi-faceted and the following question asks you to apply your knowledge. Imagine two neurons in sequence. The presynaptic neuron is GABAnergic and the postsynaptic neuron is dopaminergic. The effects of alcohol are not fully understood but it does seem to inhibit GABAnergic neurons. How would the release of dopamine from the postsynaptic neuron change in this case? Explain your answer, being sure to make each connection between concepts clear. If alcohol instead inhibited dopaminernergic neurons, in what way might the ion flow change in the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron of this example?
- The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs such as morphine implies that the body must make alan) substance to interact with the same receptors. O exogenous endogenous O excitatory O toxicHello, This week in pharmacology we are learning about Intracraneal Regulation and CNS drugs, Parkinson's drug, Epilepsy drugs, Drugs for MS. Can you please help me to explain How would you relate this concept to clinical practice? Thank you in advance!The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs such as morphine implies that the body must make an _______ substance to interact with the same receptors. inhibitory excitatory endogenous exogenous