Specifically neuroadaptation in drug users consist in O the molecular basis in which the receptor population for an endogenous substance is reduced the binding rate of the abused substance increases drastically
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- An individual who has been using a drug for an extendedperiod of time suddenly finds himself unable to securemore of the drug. He acts nervous and irritable and ishyperactive. He seems almost desperate to find more ofthe drug, but experiences no sickness, pain, or other outward physical discomfort. Based on his behavior, whatdrugs might he possibly have been using? Explain youranswer.Alcohol affects the central nervous system by enhancing the effect ofGABA at its receptor. GABA binds to GABA receptors and opensligand-gated Cl–channels. However, chronic consumption of alcoholmakes the GABA receptor less sensitive to both alcohol and GABA,which increases alcohol dependence as well as alcohol withdrawalsymptoms, such as anxiety, tremors, and insomnia. Benzodiazepinesenhance the binding of GABA molecules to their receptors and thus aresometimes used to treat people with alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Forsynapses involving GABA, predict the effect of alcohol on the postsynaptic membranes; compare the effect of chronic alcohol consumption onthe postsynaptic membranes in these synapses; and predict the effect ofbenzodiazepine treatment on the degree of polarization of postsynapticmembranes in people who are experiencing alcohol withdrawalsymptoms.Receptors, such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are common drug targets.Ligands that target receptors are often characterised as being agonists orantagonists. Explain, with the aid of figures as appropriate, what these two termsmean.
- Some drug actions depend upon interactions with specific ion channels. This discussion is asking you to address the different types of sodium and potassium channels. Include a discussion of hoe different specific types of channels might affect neurotransmitter function.Drugs that have been developed to potentiate inhibitory neurotransmitters (like gamma amino butyric acid and glycine) include all of the following except: tranquilizers tacrine ethanol valium barbituratesTo treat patients during the acute phase of opioid withdrawal, clinicians may use NSS-2 Bridge device, which is a small electrical nerve stimulator that is placed behind the person's ear and emits electrical pulses. True or False
- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disordercharacterized by, among other symptoms, increasedappetite, sluggishness, and increased sleepiness. It occursmost commonly during the winter months, especially inregions with long winter nights. Propose a role formelatonin in SAD and a possible non-drug therapy.True or False: 4) Symptoms of withdrawal are usually the opposite of the effects of the previously used drug. 5) Although their main effects occur in other neurochemical systems, both MDMA (Ecstasy) and cannabis distort the activity of dopamine, suggesting that these drugs have the potential to be addictive. 6) Opioids produce most of their effects by enhancing the release of a variety of neurochemicals from presynaptic axon terminals.The manner in which psychoactive drugs work include all, but not mimic neurotransmitter block reuptake disrupts vesicular neurotransmitter release block enzymatic degradation
- Why morphine show less analgesic activity after oral administration? Briefly explain at your own words Answer need.Drugs bind to receptor and give response to the body. What type of binding involve in this process ?Heroin (diamorphine) is: O an opioid receptor antagonist. O a long-acting opioid agonist that produces dysphoria. O a drug that is metabolised in humans to morphine. a drug with high liability for physical dependence and low liability for psychological dependence. Question 4 Cocaine exerts sympathomimetic activity by: O acting directly as an agonist at alpha 1-adrenoceptors. inhibiting the re-uptake of noradrenaline at axon terminal sympathetic neurons. O inhibiting alpha 1-adrenoceptors. O inhibiting the breakdown of noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase.
