Mutations can be classified as small-scale or large-scale, depending on the number of nucleotides involved in the mutation. Small-scale mutations involve a change in a small number of nucleotides (usually one to three nucleotides) within a single gene. Large-scale mutations, sometimes called chromosomal mutations, involve changes in large sections of chromosomes. Determine whether each of the following small-scale mutations is a point mutation, insertion mutation, or deletion mutation. a) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCGATG to CCGGATG. insertion mutation b) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCGATG to CCGAGG. point mutation c) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCGGAG to CTGGAG. point mutation d) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCGATG to CCGACTG. insertion mutation e) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCAGATG to CCGATG. deletion mutation

Mutations can be classified as small-scale or large-scale, depending on the number of nucleotides involved in the mutation. Small-scale mutations involve a change in a small number of nucleotides (usually one to three nucleotides) within a single gene. Large-scale mutations, sometimes called chromosomal mutations, involve changes in large sections of chromosomes. Determine whether each of the following small-scale mutations is a point mutation, insertion mutation, or deletion mutation. a) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCGATG to CCGGATG. insertion mutation b) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCGATG to CCGAGG. point mutation c) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCGGAG to CTGGAG. point mutation d) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCGATG to CCGACTG. insertion mutation e) The sequence of nucleotides in part of a gene is changed from CCAGATG to CCGATG. deletion mutation

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Given the following Wild Type and Mutated DNA sequences: 1.) Identify where the base pair change occurs ( what letter changed?) 2.) For BOTH sequences, write the mRNA strands, define the codon regions and amino acid sequences. 3.) Describe what kind of mutation has occurred (missense, nonsense, or silent), and what effect this may have on the protein. Wild Type DNA Sequence: 3' - AGGCTCGCCTGT - 5' Mutated DNA Sequence: 3' - AGTCTCGCCTGT - 5'
The following is a list of mutational changes. For each of the specific mutations described, indicate which of the following terms could apply, either as a description of the mutation or as a possible cause. More than one term from the right column can apply to each statement in the left column. 1. an A-T base pair in the wild-type gene is changed to a G-C pair 2. an A-T base pair is changed to a T-A pair a. transition b. base substitution c. transversion 3. the sequence AAGCTTATCG is changed to d. inversion AAGCTATCG c. translocation f. deletion 4. the sequence AAGCTTATCG is changed to AAGCTTTATCG g. insertion 5. the sequence AACGTTATCG is changed to AATGTTATCG h. decamination 6. the sequence AACGTCACACACACATCG is i. X-ray irradiation changed to AACGTCACATCG j. intercalator 7. the gene map in a given chromosome arm is changed from bog-rad-fox1-fox2-try-duf (where foxl and fox2 are highly homologous, recently diverged genes) to bog-rad-fox1-fox3- fox2-try-duf (where fox3 is a new gene…
Silent mutations that occur in DNA are quite common in living cells and usually involve no effects onphenotype. In not more than 2 pages (using 1.5 line space of Arial or Times New Roman fonts) provideanswers for the following questions?1) Define the silent mutation in DNA? (2.5 marks)2) What is the codon usage bias? (2.5 marks)3) Provide one example of a clinical implication of a “silent mutation” that proven to have an effect onthe phenotype and provide a brief description of its molecular characteristics? (10.0 marks)
Silent mutations that occur in DNA are quite common in living cells and usually involve no effects on phenotype. In not more than 2 pages (using 1.5 line space of Arial or Times New Roman fonts) provide answers for the following questions? 1) Define the silent mutation in DNA? 2) What is the codon usage bias? 3) Provide one example of a clinical implication of a “silent mutation” that proven to have an effect on the phenotype andprovide a brief description of its molecular characteristics? (Explain in details)
Based on standard MS- LS3-1: Fish in a cave system in Mexico is missing its eyes, has thin, translucent skin, and is relatively small (7-10 cm in length). Can you describe by model why structural changes to genes (mutations) on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in beneficial effects to the structure and function of the fish? Can you answer in the following format? 1- Structure How Structure and Function is Affected by Mutations in Blind Fish Eyes Scales Taste Cells Lateral Line 2- Model to explain what causes these changes: Change: ______________ Adapting an Organism to the Dark Cause: ________________ Stop the Growth of Eyes Effect: ___________________ Fish with Heightened Other Senses References: Video: Rare Blind Cave Fish in Mexican Cave System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWdtGuDd8z0 Fact Sheet: Blind Cave Fish https://www.denverzoo.org/animals/blind-cave-fish Information: Mexican Tetra…
Given that there are about 20,000 human genes, how can human cells make 75,00o-100,000 different proteins? Distinguish between missense and nonsense. Compare and contrast between insertions and deletions. Why are these called “frameshift” mutations? What are thymine dimers? What causes them?
Silent mutations that occur in DNA are quite common in living cells and usually involve no effects onphenotype. In not more than 2 pages provideanswers for the following questions?1) Define the silent mutation in DNA? 2) What is the codon usage bias? 3) Provide one example of a clinical implication of a “silent mutation” that proven to have an effect onthe phenotype and provide a brief description of its molecular characteristics?
A polypeptide has the following amino acid sequence: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly The amino acid sequence of this polypeptide was determined in a series of mutants listed in parts a through e. indicate the type of mutation that occurred in the DNA (single-base substitution, insertion, deletion) and the phenotypic effect of the mutation (nonsense mutation, missense mutation, frameshift, etc.). a. Mutant 5: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Leu-Glu-Gly
A polypeptide has the following amino acid sequence: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly The amino acid sequence of this polypeptide was determined in a series of mutants listed in parts a through e. indicate the type of mutation that occurred in the DNA (single-base substitution, insertion, deletion) and the phenotypic effect of the mutation (nonsense mutation, missense mutation, frameshift, etc.). a. MMutant 4: Met-Ser-Pro-Glu-Gl
A polypeptide has the following amino acid sequence: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly The amino acid sequence of this polypeptide was determined in a series of mutants listed in parts a through e. For each mutant, indicate the type of mutation that occurred in the DNA (single-base substitution, insertion, deletion) and the phenotypic effect of the mutation (nonsense mutation, missense mutation, frameshift, etc.). a. Mutant 1: Met-Ser-Ser-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly b. Mutant 2: Met-Ser-Pro c. Mutant 3: Met-Ser-Pro-Asp-Trp-Arg-Asp-Lys d. Mutant 4: Met-Ser-Pro-Glu-Gly e. Mutant 5: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Leu-Glu-Gly
A wildtype gene produces the polypeptide sequence: Wildtype: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly Each of the following polypeptide sequences is the result of a single mutation. Identify the most likely type of mutation causing each, be as specific as possible. M1:Met-Ser-Ser-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly missense mutation M2:Met-Ser-Pro M3:Met-Ser-Pro-Asp-Trp-Arg-Asp-Lys M4:Met-Ser-Pro-Glu-Gly nonsense mutation frameshift insertion in frame deletion M5:Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly in frame insertion
3) What is the difference between a synonomous and non-synonomous mutation? What is another name for the synonomous mutation?