We have discussed the aerobic metabolism of glucose extensively in thisclass. To capture and use the energy in glucose to make ATP, we mustutilize 4 different sequential pathways/steps. Starting with one glucosemolecule and eventually ending with CO2, H20 and ATP, list the 4pathways/steps in order and tell me what molecules enter each pathway,and what the final products of each pathway are.

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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We have discussed the aerobic metabolism of glucose extensively in this class. To capture and use the energy in glucose to make ATP, we must utilize 4 different sequential pathways/steps. Starting with one glucose molecule and eventually ending with CO, H;O and ATP, list the 4 pathways/steps in order and tell me what molecules enter each pathway, and what the final products of each pathway are. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt v Paragraph v BIUAv ev Tov : I
Some anaerobic bacteria use alternative pathways for glucose catabolism that convert glucose to acetate rather than to pyruvate. Shown below is one possible metabolic pathway. The first part of this pathway (glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate) is identical to the glycolytic pathway. In the second part of the alternative pathway, Enzymes 1–6 all have mechanisms/ activities analogous t enzymes in glycolysis. Note that there are two C¬C bond cleavage reactions in this new pathway: A → B + C (Enzyme 1) and C → B + D. All the steps where ATP is consumed or generated have been shown; however, the addition or loss of NAD+/NADH, Pi , H2O, or H+ has not been shown explicitly. Draw the structures for the intermediates B, F, G, H, and I, and include other reaction participants as needed.
Consider ten glucose molecules that enter a cell. How many ATP can be generated by the complete catabolism of these into CO2 and H2O? If all ten are first incorporated into glycogen, liberated from glycogen, and then fully catabolized into CO2 and H2O, does the ATP tally increase, decrease or stay the same? Consider that 1 UTP = 1 ATP. Explain. Describe the processes which produce ATP and provide a balanced equation of glucose, CO2, H2O and O2
List the three different routes to catabolize glucose to Why is it necessary to start by spending one or two molecules of ATP? Why are glucose catabolism pathways ubiquitous, even in bacterial habitats where glucose is scarce? Give several Summarize the Krebs TCA cycle; list the substrates, and products.
In glycolysis, the KM value of hexoquinase is 0.04 mM. At physiological conditions, the cellular concentration of glucose is between 4 mM to 15 mM. According with this information, which of the following statements is true (Choose all that are correct) The enzyme has a low affinity for its substrate The enzme is working at its maximum velocity The phosphorilation of glucose is very slow The small value of KM assures that glycolysis will continue even when the concentration of glucose drops below 4 mM. The hexoquinase is saturated with glucose
Under aerobic conditions when glucose is limiting, with high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as carbon-2 radiolabeled pyruvate is utilized for its carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver? Select all that apply. **Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation. Glucose C-2 only Label is halved over many TCA cycles Oxaloacetate Glucose C-1 and C-6 Glucose C-2 and C-5 CO2 from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel Lactate C-2 for export Malate Pyruvate C-1
Complete the sentence describing the pentose phosphate pathway in cells that require much more ribose 5-phosphate than NADPH. These cells need ribose 5-phosphate but have relatively higher concentrations of NADPH and lower concentrations of NADP*. Choose from the listed words to fill in the blanks: xylulose 5-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, five, two, three, glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate, erythrose 4-phosphate, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. One molecule of and two molecules of are used to generate molecules of ribose 5-phosphate by the reverse reactions of the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Under aerobic conditions of high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as pyruvate is utilized for its carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver? Select all that apply. **Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation. Glucose C-2 and C-5 Glucose C-1 and C-6 Glucose C-2 only Pyruvate C-1 Lactate C-2 for export CO, from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel Label is halved over many TCA cycles Oxaloacetate Malate
Indicate at what step in the glycolysis pathway each of the following events occur 1. First phosphorylation of ADP occurs 2. First “energy rich” compound is produced 3. Second “energy rich” compound undergoes reaction 4. First isomerization reaction occurs 5. Second formation of ATP occurs 6. Second “energy rich” compound is produced 7. ATP is converted to ADP for the second time 8. A dehydration reaction occurs
Draw OUT THE arrow pushing reaction mechanism for the following steps of glycolysis: SHOW/IDENTIFY the arrow pushing mechanism in at least 2 steps. CH,OPO CH,OH hexokinase 2+ H H H H H H ОН + ATP OH H ADP + H+ H ОН + НО HO OH H ОН H ОН Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) Glucose
Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase in the first step of the glycolytic pathway to trap it in the cell, as G6P cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer. This reaction also decreases the concentration of free glucose, favoring additional import of the molecule. However, this has a postive standard free energy of 3 kcal per mole. To favor this reaction, hydrolysis of ATP is coupled, which has a standard free energy of -7 kcal per mole. Determine the actual free energy change in kcal/mole for the following conditions: Glucose concentration: 4.5 mM ATP conc: 3.79 mM G6P conc. 0.052 mM ADP conc: 0.12 mM inorganic phosphate conc: 1.3 mM temperature: 313 K Ans. in 3 SFs.
Decylic acid is a saturated fatty acid that occurs naturally in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Calculate the net ATP yield when decylic acid undergoes complete B oxidation. The formula of decylic acid is shown below: (Given: The oxidation of one NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the oxidation of one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP; and the oxidation of one acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP.) O 50 ATP O 52 ATP 66 ATP OH O 64 ATP

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molecule and eventually ending with CO2, H2O and ATP, list the 4 pathways/steps in order and tell me what molecules enter each pathway, and what the final products of each pathway are.