In a chemical reaction occurring in a cell, free energy is equivalent to (a) heat energy (b) heat (c) disorder (d) potential energy (e) more than one of the preceding options are true
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- A spontaneous reaction is one in which the change in free energy (ΔG) has a _______ value. (a) positive (b) negative (c) positive or negative (d) none of the preceding (ΔG has no measurable value)The following equation, which represents the oxidative breakdown of glucose by body cells, is a reversible reaction. Glucose + oxygen S carbon dioxide + water + ATP (a) How can you indicate that the reaction is reversible? (b) Howcan you indicate that the reaction is in chemical equilibrium? (c) Define chemical equilibrium.Choose the best description of an enzyme: (a) It allows a chemical reaction to proceed extremely fast. (b) It increases the rate at which a chemical reaction approaches equilibrium relative to its uncatalyzed rate. (c) It makes a reaction thermodynamically favorable.
- The molecule can absorb heat from the environment without changing its chemical structure, as will occur when there is a local temperature increase. The molecule will have a higher energy. If the increase in energy is above KT (i.e., the entire environment has not increased its temperature), the molecule will come to thermal equilibrium with the environment around it, and return to its original energy state. Which one of the following is example to this? Select one: a. The absorbance of radiant energy by Melanin pigment in the skin. b. Conversion of 11-cis form of retinal to the all-trans form of retinal upon exposure to light, with a maximum absorbance at 500 nm. c. Thymine-thymine and thymine-cytosine pyrimidine bridges formation upon exposure of DNA to UV-B radiation. d. The translucent to opaque conversion of egg whites when cooked by increasing the temperature.While walking to biochemistry class with a friend, you see the following graffiti spray painted on the wall of the science building: “When a system is in equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy is maximum.” You are disgusted, not only at the vandalism, but at the ignorance of the vandal. Your friend asks you to explain.Define potential energy and kinetic energy and provide two specific examples of each. Explain how one form of energy can be converted into another. Will some energy be lost during this conversion? If so, what form will it take?
- A muscle can be thought of as a fuel cell, producing work from themetabolism of glucose: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O Use the concept of entropy to explain why the heat flows in the direction it does.Imagine you are working in a lab, and you are performing two chemical reactions. You notice that Reaction A occurs much faster than Reaction B, and that both reactions release the same amount of heat. Which of the following conclusions can be made from your observation? Reaction A has the same activation energy as Reaction B, and the AG of Reaction A is more negative (i.e., a larger negative number) than the AG for Reaction B. Reaction A has a lower activation energy than Reaction B, and the AG of Reaction A is the same as the AG of Reaction B. Reaction A has a higher activation energy than Reaction B, and the AG of Reaction A is the same as the AG of Reaction B. Reaction A has the same activation energy as Reaction B, and the AG of Reaction A is less negative (i.e., a smaller negative number) than the AG for Reaction B.Define the following terms. (i) Rate constant (k) (ii) Activation energy (Ea)
- Label the following statements true or false: (c) A nonspontaneous reaction will proceed spontaneously in the reverse direction. (d) A spontaneous process can occur with a large decrease in entropy.NaCl (s) -> NaCI (aq) is accompanied by an increase in entropy because [Select] [Select] a solute was dissolved in water, forming a solution the number of products is greater than the number of reactants the phase change from vaporization is towards a higher internal energyChemistry (True / False) A researcher speculates that an enzyme has the following energy profile and that it is a reasonable profile given what we know about enzyme behavior. Enzyme bound to Substrate: -7.00 kcal/mol Enzyme bound to Product: -10.00 kcal/mol Enzyme in transition state: -5.00 kcal/mol Why would the answer be false?