If 2 L of blood were injected into a normal human body, what influence would this injection have on blood pressure, cardiac output, preload and afterload?
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If 2 L of blood were injected into a normal human body, what influence would this injection have on blood pressure, cardiac output, preload and afterload?
Cardiac output can be defined as the product between the heart rate and the stroke volume. The preload is defined as the stretching of the cardiac muscles before the contraction of the blood vessels. During systolic phase in the heart, the force that works to reject the ejection of blood is known as afterload. Below is the discussion regarding the relationship between the above parameters and then the effect of injecting 2L of blood.
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- Can you elaborate in some detail about the following: If 2 liters of blood were injected into a normal human body, what influence would this injection have on blood pressure, cardiac output, preload and afterload?The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is 8.0 μm (1 μm = 1 X 10 –6 m), calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.What is the cardiac output of a person with a resting stroke volume of 60 mL and a heartbeat of 80 bpm. (BONUS: Is the calculated cardiac output normal or abnormal?)
- Blood pressure at the arterial end of capillaries is about 40 mm Hg in humans. If blood pressure at the venous end is about 15 mm Hg, and colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg throughout, what is the net effect on fluid movement between capillaries and tissue spaces?During work, blood flow through a muscle can increase 20 times but the cardiac output does not increase as much, this is because a) vasoconstriction of the skin circulation, at least temporarily b) vasodilation of the blood vessels in the working muscles c) the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract is reducedDefine blood pressure and pulse pressure. Where can these two be measured in humans?
- Estimate the volume of a human heart (in mL) using the following measurements/assumptions: Blood flow through the aorta is approximately 16.8 cm/s. The diameter of the aorta is approximately 3.0 cm. Assume the heart pumps its own volume with each beat. Assume a pulse rate of 90 beats per minute.Describe the action potential of an autorhythmic cell in the heart.a) Indicate how the opening and closing of each ion channel affects the membrane potential of the cell.b) Provide one similarity between the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and the action potential of a neuron.c) Provide one difference between the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and the action potential of a neuron.An increase in mean blood pressure may be due to? a) an increase in heart rate b) an increase in peripheral resistance c) an increase in stroke volume
- 4) A) Calculate the Systolic Pressure of a 65 years old man if the diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg and stroke volume of 70 ml/beat. Total Peripheral Resistance is 19mmHg.min/L. Assume person is healthy and has a normal heart rate. B) Calculate Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) when the mean ejection fraction is 80 % ?Does the human heart spend more time in diastole or more time in systole (assume a heart rate of 72 beats per minute)? Of what benefit is this?You are studying bulk flow in a tissue. You have measured the following: Blood pressure at the arterial end of the capillary – 30mmHg Osmotic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary – 20 mmHg partial pressure of oxygen at the arterial end of the capillary – 42 mmHg; partial pressure of CO2 – 40mmHg partial pressure of O2 at the venous end – 42 mmHg; partial pressure of CO2 – 46mmHg Blood pressure at the venous end of the capillary – 14mmHg Osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary – 20 mmHg Pick all that would apply A)the 10 mm Hg pressure difference will drive blood plasma into the interstitial fluid B)the 6 mm Hg pressure difference will drive blood plasma into the interstitial fluid C)the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. D)the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. E)the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. F)oxygen is taken up by the…
