How is it possible for humans to differ genetically from each other if we all have the same genes arranged in the same order on our chromosomes?
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- The karyotype of a young girl who is affected with familialDown syndrome revealed a total of 46 chromosomes. Her olderbrother, however, who is phenotypically unaffected, actually had45 chromosomes. Explain how this could happen. What wouldyou expect to be the numbers of chromosomes in the parents ofthese two children?How many genes are there present on chromosome 11 ?Researchers have discovered that some regions of chromosomesare much more likely than others to cross over. We might callsuch a region a “hot spot” for crossing over. Let’s suppose thattwo genes, gene A and gene B, are 5,000,000 bp apart on thesame chromosome. Genes A and B are in a hot spot for crossingover. Two other genes, let’s call them gene C and gene D, are also5,000,000 bp apart but are not in a hot spot for crossing over. Ifwe conducted two-factor crosses to compute the map distancebetween genes A and B and other two-factor crosses to compute themap distance between genes C and D, would the calculated mapdistance between A and B be the same as that between C and D? Explain.
- While conducting field studies on a chain of islands, you decide tokaryotype two phenotypically identical groups of turtles, which arefound on different islands. The turtles on one island have 24 chromosomes,but those on another island have 48 chromosomes. Howwould you explain this observation? How do you think the turtleswith 48 chromosomes came into being? If you crossed the twotypes of turtles, would you expect the offspring to be phenotypicallynormal? Would you expect them to be fertile? Explain.What are recombinant chromosomes? How do they differ fromthe original parental chromosomes from which they are derived?How do humans maintain the normal number of chromosomes across generations?
- How many genes are there on chromosome 4?How do we know that chromosomes exist in homologous pairs?Two nonhomologous chromosomes have the following segments, where * represents the centromere: *ABCDEFG , *RSTUVWX. Name the type of chromosomal rearrangements that would produce each of the following chromosomes. *ABABCDEFG , *ABCD , GFEDCBA*RSTUVWX , *RSWVUTX , *ABCWX , *RSTUVDEFG . Which of these types of abnormalities are most likely embryonic lethal and which ones are not usually a problem for the individual carrying them? Briefly explain why.
- Certain varieties of chrysanthemums contain 18, 36, 54, 72, and 90 chromosomes; all are multiples of a basic set of nine chromosomes. How would you describe these varieties genetically? What feature do the karyotypes of each variety share? A variety with 27 chromosomes has been discovered, but it is sterile. Why?Why is random assortment of chromosomes necessary? What can we expect if this does not occur?What is meant by the termhomologous chromosomes?