For an RNA virus, what is the most important consideration? how to produce its genetic material as mRNA how to make a DNA intermediate for replication how to produce an RNA strand from DNA how to translate its proteins

For an RNA virus, what is the most important consideration? how to produce its genetic material as mRNA how to make a DNA intermediate for replication how to produce an RNA strand from DNA how to translate its proteins

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

14th Edition

ISBN:9781305073951

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter15: Studying And Manipulating Genomes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3SQ

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Concept explainers

Virus

Viruses are infectious microscopic agents that can only reproduce in live cells of animals, plants, or microbes and are smaller than bacteria. Vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists, and fungi are among their many hosts. Viruses are unable to multiply on their own due to the lack of necessary cellular machinery, but they can guide the cell machinery of a host to make additional viruses by infection. The virus enters and attaches to a particular host cell, injects its genetic material, and reproduces by using the host’s genetic material. Viruses cause infection by taking entry into the host cell and using the host cell’s enzymes and raw materials to multiply.

Question

For an RNA virus, what is the most important consideration?
how to produce its genetic material as mRNA
how to make a DNA intermediate for replication
how to produce an RNA strand from DNA
how to translate its proteins

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O O O A new virus is discovered. Its RNA genome encodes several proteins, including a reverse transcriptase enzyme. What can you conclude about replication of this virus? Its replication involves a double-stranded RNA intermediate Its replication involves a DNA copy of its genome Its replication depends entirely on cellular enzymes Its replication is entirely independent of cellular enzymes 00 A deficiency in Base Excision Repair (BER) would primarily sensitize you to mutations caused by radiation, X-rays O Chemicals in smoke, and UV radiation O Unavoidable, spontaneously occurring DNA damage
Which of the following is a difference between a viroid and a virus? O viroids contain some genes important for their own replication while viruses rely entirely on host cell enzymes for their replication viroids are alive and viruses are not O viroids are not infectious particles and viruses often cause disease O viroids are composed solely of nucleic acid while viruses are composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat O viroids infect only plants while viruses infect only animals and prokaryotes
You are studying a new retrovirus. The viral protein (X) appears to play a role in the export of the viral genomes to the cytoplasm. Protein X brings viral DNA to the cytoplasm and returns back to the nucleus after genome export is complete. Researchers have developed a new drug for the virus. Following treatment with the new drug, the viral protein stays in the nucleus and cannot export the viral genomes. What is the most plausible and logical function of the drug? Use your knowledge of nuclear transport to answer this question. O A. The drug inhibits the binding of the viral protein and the viral genomes to the import receptor. B. The drug inhibits the binding of Ran-GTP to the nuclear export receptor in nucleus. C. The drug promotes the Ran GAP activity. D. The drug blocks the NLS on the viral protein.
BONUS: Why do RNA viruses such as the COVID coronavirus, influenza virus and HIV have much higher mutation rates than DNA viruses such as Herpes viruses? O DNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than RNA polymerases which copy viral DNA O RNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than DNA polymerases which copy viral DNA RNA viral 60S ribosomes make many ore mutations than DNA viral 40S ribosomes O RNA viral gyrases make more mistakes than DNA viral helicases
Viruses with negative sense RNA genomes typically, make proteins by: (Ignore retroviruses, and the unusual characteristics of coronaviruses) Translation of short RNA transcripts generated by RDRP Generating a DNA copy, which is then transcribed by host RNA polymerase. Translation of the viral genome by host ribosomes. Production of a polyprotein, which must be cleaved into smaller proteins. Generating a negative sense genome copy, which is then translated by host ribosomes.
Which viruses have potential for the highest mutation rates, DNA or RNA viruses? Explain O DNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral RNA is copied DNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral DNA is copied RNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral DNA is copied RNA viruses as RNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral RNA is copied and DNA polymerases do proof read
You are studying a new virus with a DNA genome of 12 Kb. It can synthesize DNA at a rate of 400 nucleotides per second. If the virus uses rolling-circle replication, how long will it take to replicate its genome? Answer only for the first strand; ignore replication along the displaced strand. O 7.5 seconds O 15 seconds O 30 seconds O 1 minute O 2 minutes
Which step(s) occur in the lysogenic replication cycle of temperate phage but does not occur in the lytic replication cycle? O adsorption O biosynthesis O assembly O release O formation of prophage and lysogen
Researchers have discovered that during replication ofthe circular DNA chromosome of the animal virusSV40, the two newly completed daughter double helixes are intertwined. What would have to happen forthe circles to come apart?
What part of the virus carries the instructions for making viral particles? O plasmid envelope homeobox genome capsomere
A viral mutation that causes changes in the glycoprotein spikes would affect which aspect of the virus? The virus would become lysogenic and incorporate its genome into the host cell genome. The virus would enter the host by a combination of endocytosis and fusion. The virus would lose its viral envelope and become a naked virus. The virus would attach to different host cells and its host range would be altered. The viral genome would not require uncoating once inside the host cell.
In order to replicate, a virus must make use of O Another virus An oxygen source O Asufficient amount of glucose O A host's genetic materials