Explain the processes of upregulation and downregulation and how these processes lead to tolerance and withdrawal, using opioids as an example. Because of repeated administration of opioids, what changes happen in the nervous system, and what are BOTH the acute effects of opioid use and withdrawal symptoms from opioids.

Explain the processes of upregulation and downregulation and how these processes lead to tolerance and withdrawal, using opioids as an example. Because of repeated administration of opioids, what changes happen in the nervous system, and what are BOTH the acute effects of opioid use and withdrawal symptoms from opioids.

Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions

7th Edition

ISBN:9781305441620

Author:WOODROW

Publisher:WOODROW

ChapterCRE2: Comprehensive Review Exam For Part 2

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 29CEP2

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