Describe the roles of calcium in the cell, and the mechanisms that the cell uses to control intracellular calcium levels (90%). Name at least two drugs that affect these processes, indicating their mechanism of action and effect on calcium levels (10%).
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Describe the roles of calcium in the cell, and the mechanisms that the cell uses to control intracellular calcium levels (90%). Name at least two drugs that affect these processes, indicating their mechanism of action and effect on calcium levels (10%).
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- Please specify how hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism occur. Why is the iodine important for homeostasis? What is the appropriate drugs to treat hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism among the below drugs: Peroxidine: A drug that inhibits thyroid peroxidase from functioning Cimigine: A drug that inhibits potassium/iodine cotransporter Iodimine: A drug that inhibits iodinase from functioning Aldosine: A drug that inhibits production of angiotensinogen from the liver Aldoramine: A drug that inhibits sodium/iodine cotransporter Thyromine: A drug that stimulates thyroglobulin production Thank you,Blood level of calcium is regulated tightly within 8.5-10.5 mg/dL in our body. Explain the molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D, derived from diet or cutaneous synthesis, increases blood calcium levels by stimulating intestinal calcium absorption, renal calcium reabsorption, and bone resorption (15 points). Please include vitamin D activation steps and effector molecules involved. Don't copy from GoogleClassify calcium channel blocker. SAR of C3, C4 and C5 substitution of 1,4-Dihydropyridine.
- Describe the homeostatic control of plasma calcium levels by answering the following two questions: What role does calcitonin play in the maintenance of serum calcium? Give reference to the gland involved in secretion, the bone cells stimulated by calcitonin and the effects of calcitonin. Describe the role parathyroid hormone (PTH) has in the maintenance of serum calcium, giving reference to the gland involved, the particular bone cells stimulated and the major effects of PTH.Describe three ways in which increased secretion of PTHcan increase blood levels of calcium.Define the following terms:a. hyperinsulinemiab. dyslipidemiac. hyperglycemiad. glucosuriae. hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketosis
- Describe the most important regulatory mechanisms controlling the synthesis and secretion of steroids.B. Alkaloid caffeine contained in coffee seeds causes hyperglycemia and has a stimulatory effect, although it does not interact with epinephrine receptors. It is known that caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase activity. Why can caffeine decrease the blood glucose level? Explain the answer and draw the appropriate schemes.Describe what will enhance utilization of drugs that are administered orally, topically, and intravenously to reach target cells and produce a physiological effect.
- Describe the chemical nature of prostaglandins. List some of the different forms of prostaglandins and describe their actions.Why is an increase in the concentration of intracellular calcium injurious?a. Individuals who have severe allergies (for example, to bee stings or peanut butter) often carry an EpiPen. It is a self-injecting device that delivers a single dose of 0.3 mg of epinephrine. Epinephrine (more familiarly known as adrenaline) is a hormone that responds to stress by increasing heart rate and blood pressure and boosting the supply of oxygen and energy-giving glucose to the blood and brain. Suppose the body loses 21% of the Epinephrine every hour. Find the amount of Epinephrine left in the body after 3 hours.