DESCRIBE THE MECHANISM FOR FAST LIGAND-GATED CHANNELS AND THE TYPES OF CHANGES THEY CAN PRODUCE IN THE CELL MEMBRANE.
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- You perform a competition study on a GPCR. You have isolated the plasma membrane from cells which contains the GPCR of interest. If an agonist and an inverse agonist are at equal concentrations in your study but the inverse agonist has a 10 x higher affinity for the receptor than the agonist, what would you expect to be the overall outcome to be? More of the agonist is bound and so most of the receptor is in its active conformation and is stimulated More of the inverse agonist is bound and so most of the receptor is in its inactive conformation and is unstimulated.b) Complete the following flow chart| (a membrane phospholipid)_ Hydrolysed by phospholipase C, to produce Remains associated with plasma membrane a small polar molecule released to cytosol, diffuses to the iv. and causes the release of v. by binding to receptors that are ligand-gated channels. Activates other proteins Activates vi which then phosphorylates other intracellular targets. form complex with vii.Briefly explain how integral membrane proteins can participate in intracellular signaling.
- What would happen in each of the following cases where something related to intracellular transport is altered? Assume in each case that the protein involved is a soluble protein, not a membrane protein. State where each protein would be located and explain each of your answers. You change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into negatively charged amino acids. You discover a protein that has both an ER signal sequence and a nuclear localization sequence. The ER signal sequence is at the N-terminus of the protein, and the nuclear localization sequence is located in the middle of the protein.Gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes are two distinct types of direct intracellular communication. In comparing and contrasting gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, which of the following statements is true? gap junctions provide a portal for small molecules, proteins and small organelles to move from cell to cell, tunneling nanotubes only permit small molecules to pass between cells typically, there are only two gap junctions that exist between adjacent cells that are communicating via this mechanism; on the other hand, there are many tunneling nanotubes between communicating cells both gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes can pass small molecules between cells none of the above is trueAn analog of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP, will permeate cellular membranes, is only slowly degraded by a rod cell’s PDE activity, and is as effective as cGMP in opening the gated channel in the cell’s outer segment. If you suspended rod cells in a buffer containing a relatively high [8-Br-cGMP], then illuminatedthe cells while measuring their membrane potential, what would you observe?
- Explain the experimental procedure used byLoewenstein to determine the size of molecules that can passthrough gap-junction channels.Animal cells utilize rapid increases in cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration to respond to certain extracellular signals. This requires keeping the cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration very low in the absence of signal (when the cell is “at rest”) and increasing the cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration when a signal is detected. Propose a mechanism by which the action of Ca++ transport proteins in the plasma membrane can account for the reversibility of Ca++ levels in the cytosol. Be sure to indicate whether active or passive transport is involved as well as the type of transport protein (channel or carrier) responsible.Membrane channels and carriers both show changes in protein conformation. What is the role of such conformation changes in: (1) channels, and (2) carriers?
- To what part of a receptor molecule does a chemicalsignal attach? Explain how a chemical signal can bind toa receptor on a channel protein and cause a change inmembrane permeabilityNerve growth factor (NGF) is a water-soluble signalingmolecule. Would you expect the receptor for NGF to beintracellular or in the plasma membrane? Why?Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.