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- Identify the mechanism used by phagocytes to inducepathogen killing.Macrophages and neutrophils both contribute to extracellular pathogen protection. Describe their common characteristics, differences in structure and function, and if one were eliminated from the innate immune response, explain which one would be more detrimental to the body and why.Describe Two Features of phagocytes that are essential in their response to microbial invasion.
- During inflammaion, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated phagocytes. List some of hese toxic species and explain what cellular/biochemical mechanisms limit these damaging off-target effects.Describe the requirements for activation of helper T cells by macrophages. Explain how helper T cells promote the immunological defenses provided by cytotoxic T cells and by B cells.Define inflammation. Mention its types and its morphological patterns
- Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator ofimmune defenses in action. Explain.Differentiate humoral immunity from cellular immunity and the basic roles of B cells and T cells in those systems. Discuss the concept of a clonal immunological response to an epitope. Define antigen presentation and antigen-presenting cell. Diagram the structures of antibodies and discuss their functions. Explain the differences between primary and secondary antibody responses. Describe the role of memory B cells during an antibody response. Explain the two major types of T cells.The complement system supplements the inflammatory response by directly killing microorganisms. Describe the life cycle of complement proteins, from their synthesis in the liver to their activity in the site of an infection.
- List and describe the three outcomes of complement activation.Correctly order the steps in cellular Immunity. Below is a sequence of events. Place them in the order they should occur, number 1 being the first item. Select the step number from the drop down next to each item. Items to order: a) .Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) recognizes the infected host cell b) The CTL secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis c) The CTL interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell d) The helper T cell activates the CTL cellExplain why IgM cannot activate complement by itself.