a)What is the relevance of the strep throat infections? b). What does the elevated left atrial pressure (LAP) and left atrial volume indicate about bloodflow through the left side of the heart secondly How is the increased LAP related to the pulmonary congestion and elevated right sidepressures? c) What is the connection between the decreased cardiac output, and the tachycardia, shortnessof breath, and swelling in the feet and ankles? A 32-year-old nurse asks a colleague to take her vitals, as she keeps having episodes of light-headedness, chest pain,and fast heart rate (tachycardia) during the shift, especially after frenetic events in the emergency room (ER) thatinvolve her moving around rapidly. By the end of the shift she would also have swelling in the ankles and feet. Hercolleague takes her vitals and notes that her blood pressure (BP) is low, and suggests that she get it checked. Her PCPdetermines her resting to be 100/58 mmHg. He also heard an additional heart sound when performing auscultationof the chest in the fourth to fifth intercostal space over the mitral valve. In her medical history, it was noted thatshe had a number of strep throat infections as an adolescent. She was referred to a cardiologist for full assessment.Complete cardiac examination involved an echocardiogram to visualize the heart valves, and ECG to check thetiming of the rhythm, and a chest x-ray. The chest x-rays showed an enlarged left atrium and left ventricle, andthere was also mild pulmonary congestion. The ECG analysis showed some atrial fibrillation. To fully assess theinternal damage and get the most accurate images of the heart, catheterization was used. The procedure is alsoconsidered the gold standard for acquiring the most accurate pressure measurements in the chambers of the heart,especially the left atrium and ventricle. Doppler echocardiography was used to determine the CO.NORMALCardiac output (CO)Blood pressure (BP)Left atrial pressure (LAP)Left ventricular pressure (LVP)3.4 l/min100/58 mm Hg25 mm Hg115/6 mmHg(4-8 l/min)(120/80 mmHg)(6–12 mmHg)The pressure gradient from the atria to the ventricle during diastole is greatly elevated on the left side (19 mmHgvs. 1-3 mmHg normally). The left atrial volume was also increased. The patient was put forward for surgery torepair the defect, and was prescribed a diuretic and antiarrhythmic in the interim period.

Our Heart remains the most vital organ in our body continuously pumping out nutrient-rich blood to…

a)What is the relevance of the strep throat infections? b). What does the elevated left atrial pressure (LAP) and left atrial volume indicate about blood flow through the left side of the heart secondly How is the increased LAP related to the pulmonary congestion and elevated right side pressures? c) What is the connection between the decreased cardiac output, and the tachycardia, shortness of breath, and swelling in the feet and ankles?

a)What is the relevance of the strep throat infections? b). What does the elevated left atrial pressure (LAP) and left atrial volume indicate about blood flow through the left side of the heart secondly How is the increased LAP related to the pulmonary congestion and elevated right side pressures? c) What is the connection between the decreased cardiac output, and the tachycardia, shortness of breath, and swelling in the feet and ankles?

Biomedical Instrumentation Systems

1st Edition

ISBN:9781133478294

Author:Chatterjee

Publisher:Chatterjee

Chapter9: Instrumentation In Blood Circulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1CS

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